GCC使用指南：针对版本4.8.1

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"Using the GNU Compiler Collection - For gcc version 4.8.1" GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) 是一套由自由软件基金会（Free Software Foundation, FSF）开发的开源编译器套件，它包含了用于多种编程语言（如C、C++、Fortran、Ada和Go等）的编译器。在本文档中，我们重点关注的是GCC 4.8.1版本，这是GCC的一个稳定版本，发布于2013年。 GCC 4.8.1主要特点和改进可能包括： 1. **C++11支持**：GCC 4.8对C++11标准提供了更好的支持，包括新增的特性如lambda表达式、右值引用、类型推断（auto关键字）以及并发编程的std::thread库等。 2. **性能优化**：GCC通常会持续进行性能优化，4.8.1版可能包含针对特定架构和代码模式的优化，以提高编译后程序的运行速度。 3. **错误和警告消息**：GCC的错误和警告消息通常非常详细，有助于开发者定位和修复问题。在4.8.1中，这些信息可能会更准确和用户友好。 4. **编译选项**：GCC提供了丰富的编译选项，如-O系列选项用于优化级别控制，-Wall开启所有警告，-Werror将警告视为错误等。4.8.1版本可能会增加或改进某些编译选项。 5. **跨平台兼容性**：GCC支持多种操作系统和硬件平台，4.8.1版本继续确保了在不同环境下的兼容性和稳定性。使用GCC时，开发者需要注意以下几点： - **安装与配置**：在不同的系统上，安装GCC可能需要不同的步骤，例如在Linux上可能通过包管理器安装，而在Windows上则可能需要下载源代码并自行编译。 - **构建工具链**：GCC通常与GDB（GNU调试器）、Make等工具一起使用，形成一个完整的开发工具链。 - **编译过程**：通过`gcc`命令行工具，开发者可以指定输入源文件、链接库、输出目标等参数来编译程序。 - **调试和优化**：GCC可以生成调试信息（-g选项），便于使用GDB进行调试。优化选项（如-O2、-O3）可以调整编译器对代码的优化程度。此外，GCC遵循GNU Free Documentation License（FDL），这意味着文档可以自由复制、分发和修改。FSF的Front-Cover Text和Back-Cover Text是宣传自由软件基金会和其筹集资金的方式。购买印刷版手册的收益将用于支持FSF的活动和自由软件的发展。 GCC 4.8.1作为一款强大的开源编译器，为开发者提供了广泛的语言支持和高级功能，是自由软件生态系统中的重要组成部分。对于任何使用GCC的人来说，理解其特性和如何有效利用它是至关重要的。

Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C language

GCC supports three versions of the C standard, although support for the most recent version

is not yet complete.

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no technical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. This standard, in

both its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of

ratiﬁcation. The ANSI standard, but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale

document. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c90’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 30.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to receive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. GCC has incomplete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html for details. To select this standard, use ‘-std=c99’

or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version were re-

ferred to as C9X.)

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

A fourth version of the C standard, known as C11, was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC

9899:2011. GCC has limited incomplete support for parts of this standard, enabled with

‘-std=c11’ or ‘-std=iso9899:2011’. (While in development, drafts of this standard version

were referred to as C1X.)

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that on rare occasions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 323.

Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above will disable these extensions where they conﬂict with

the C standard version selected. You may also select an extended version of the C lan-

guage explicitly with ‘-std=gnu90’ (for C90 with GNU extensions), ‘-std=gnu99’ (for C99

with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu11’ (for C11 with GNU extensions). The default, if

no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu90’; this will change to ‘-std=gnu99’

or ‘-std=gnu11’ in some future release when the C99 or C11 support is complete. Some

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

features that are part of the C99 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 mode, and

some features that are part of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and C99

modes.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library fa-

cilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain library

facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since AMD1,

also those in <iso646.h>; since C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>; and since

C11, also those in <stdalign.h> and <stdnoreturn.h>. In addition, complex types, added

in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations. The standard also deﬁnes two

environments for programs, a freestanding environment, required of all implementations and

which may not have library facilities beyond those required of freestanding implementations,

where the handling of program startup and termination are implementation-deﬁned, and a

hosted environment, which is not required, in which all the library facilities are provided

and startup is through a function int main (void) or int main (int, char *[]). An OS

kernel would be a freestanding environment; a program using the facilities of an operating

system would normally be in a hosted implementation.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it will act as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it will then deﬁne __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 30.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations; to use the facilities

of a hosted environment, you will need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in the GNU C

library). See Section 11.5 [Standard Libraries], page 690.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is used, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC will emit a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, see http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ language

GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard (1998) and contains experimental support for

the second ISO C++ standard (2011).

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority

of C++98 (export is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select

this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c++98’, or ‘-std=c++03’; to

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