C#编程语言第四版：Anders Hejlsberg等著

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"Addison.Wesley.The.C#.Programming.Language.4th.Edition" 《The C# Programming Language》第四版是C#编程领域的权威著作，由Anders Hejlsberg、Mads Torgersen、Scott Wiltamuth和Peter Golde等专家合著。这本书深入探讨了C#语言的各个方面，旨在帮助开发者全面理解和掌握C# 4.0及后续版本的关键特性。本书的内容涵盖了C#编程的基础到高级主题，包括但不限于： 1. **基础语法**：介绍C#的基本语法结构，如变量、常量、数据类型、运算符、控制流语句（if-else、switch、循环等）以及函数的使用。 2. **类与对象**：讲解面向对象编程的核心概念，如类的定义、对象的创建与销毁、封装、继承、多态性等。 3. **泛型**：详细阐述泛型的概念，如何创建泛型类、接口和方法，以及泛型在集合类型中的应用。 4. **LINQ（Language Integrated Query）**：解释如何使用C#的查询表达式进行数据查询，涵盖对各种数据源（如数据库、XML、内存中的集合）的查询。 5. **异步编程**：详细介绍C#的异步编程模型，如async和await关键字，以及Task和Promise等概念，帮助开发者编写高效的并发代码。 6. **匿名方法与lambda表达式**：解析C#中简化代码的匿名函数和lambda表达式的使用，以及它们在LINQ和事件处理中的作用。 7. **委托与事件**：讨论委托的使用，包括事件处理和回调函数，以及C#事件模型。 8. **属性、索引器和运算符重载**：如何通过这些特性自定义对象的行为。 9. **异常处理**：涵盖try-catch-finally语句，以及如何定义和抛出自定义异常。 10. **动态编程**：介绍C#的dynamic关键字，允许在运行时绑定类型，提供与动态语言的互操作性。 11. **元数据和反射**：讲解如何利用反射获取程序集、类型、方法等元数据，以及动态操作类型的能力。 12. **预处理器指令**：介绍条件编译、地区性和调试符号的使用。 13. **程序集与模块**：涵盖.NET程序集的结构，包括强命名和延迟签名。 14. **垃圾回收与内存管理**：解释.NET的自动内存管理机制，包括垃圾回收和内存分配。 15. **C#编程规范和最佳实践**：提供编写高质量C#代码的指导原则。此外，书中的示例代码和深入解析有助于读者理解理论知识，并将其转化为实际开发中的应用。书中还可能包含对C#语言的最新发展和改进，如C# 5.0及之后版本的新特性。此书适合已有一定编程基础，希望通过深入学习提升C#技能的开发者，无论你是初学者还是经验丰富的程序员，都能从中获益。对于想要深入理解.NET框架和C#语言特性的开发者来说，这是一本不可或缺的参考书。

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About the Annotators

Brad Abrams was a founding member of both the Common Language Runtime and the

.NET Framework teams at Microsoft Corporation, where he was most recently the director

of program management for WCF and WF. Brad has been designing parts of the .NET

Framework since 1998, when he started his framework design career building the BCL (Base

Class Library) that ships as a core part of the .NET Framework. Brad graduated from North

Carolina State University in 1997 with a BS in computer science. Brad’s publications include:

Framework Design Guidelines, Second Edition (Addison-Wesley, 2009), and .NET Framework

Standard Library Annotated Reference (Volumes 1 and 2) (Addison-Wesley, 2006).

Joseph Albahari is coauthor of C# 4.0 in a Nutshell (O’Reilly, 2007), the C# 3.0 Pocket Refer-

ence (O’Reilly, 2008), and the LINQ Pocket Reference (O’Reilly, 2008). He has 17 years of expe-

rience as a senior developer and software architect in the health, education, and

telecommunication industries, and is the author of LINQPad, the utility for interactively

querying databases in LINQ.

Krzysztof Cwalina is a principal architect on the .NET Framework team at Microsoft. He

started his career at Microsoft designing APIs for the ﬁrst release of the Framework. Cur-

rently, he is leading the effort to develop, promote, and apply design and architectural

standards to the development of the .NET Framework. He is a coauthor of Framework

Design Guidelines (Addison-Wesley, 2005). Reach him at his blog at http://blogs.msdn.com/

kcwalina.

Jesse Liberty (“Silverlight Geek”) is a senior program manager at Microsoft and the author

of numerous best-selling programming books and dozens of popular articles. He’s also a

frequent speaker at events world-wide. His blog, http://JesseLiberty.com, is required read-

ing for Silverlight, WPF, and Windows Phone 7 developers. Jesse has more than two

decades of real-world programming experience, including stints as a vice president at Citi

and as a distinguished software engineer at AT&T. He can be reached through his blog and

followed at @JesseLiberty.

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Eric Lippert is a senior developer on the C# compiler team at Microsoft. He has worked

on the design and implementation of the Visual Basic, VBScript, JScript, and C# languages

and Visual Studio Tools For Ofﬁce. His blog about all those topics and more can be found

at http://blogs.msdn.com/EricLippert.

Christian Nagel is a Microsoft regional director and MVP. He is the author of several

books, including Professional C# 4 with .NET 4 (Wrox, 2010) and Enterprise Services with the

.NET Framework (Addison-Wesley, 2005). As founder of CN innovation and associate of

thinktecture, he teaches and coaches software developers on various Microsoft .NET tech-

nologies. Christian can be reached at http://www.cninnovation.com.

Vladimir Reshetnikov is a Microsoft MVP for Visual C#. He has more than eight years of

software development experience, and about six years of experience in Microsoft .NET and

C#. He can be reached at his blog http://nikov-thoughts.blogspot.com.

Marek Safar is the lead developer of the Novell C# compiler team. He has been working

on most of the features of Mono C# compiler over the past ﬁve years. Reach him at his blog

at http://mareksafar.blogspot.com.

Chris Sells is a program manager for the Business Platform Division (aka the SQL Server

division) of Microsoft Corporation. He's written several books, including Programming

WPF (O’Reilly, 2007), Windows Forms 2.0 Programming (Addison-Wesley, 2006), and ATL

Internals (Addison-Wesley, 1999). In his free time, Chris hosts various conferences and

makes a pest of himself on Microsoft internal product team discussion lists. More informa-

tion about Chris, and his various projects, is available at http://www.sellsbrothers.com.

Peter Sestoft is a professor of software development at the IT University of Copenhagen,

Denmark. He was a member of the ECMA International C# standardization committee

from 2003 through 2006, and is the author of C# Precisely (MIT Press, 2004) and Java Pre-

cisely (MIT Press, 2005). Find him at http://www.itu.dk/people/sestoft.

Jon Skeet is the author of C# in Depth (Manning, 2010) and a C# MVP. He works for

Google in London, writing and speaking about C# in his leisure time. His blog is at

http://msmvps.com/jon.skeet —or you can ﬁnd him answering questions most days on

Stack Overﬂow (http:// stackoverﬂow.com).

Bill Wagner is the founder of SRT Solutions, a Microsoft regional director, and a C# MVP.

He spent the overwhelming majority of his professional career between curly braces. He

is the author of Effective C# (Addison-Wesley, 2005) and More Effective C# (Addison- Wesley,

2009), a former C# columnist for Visual Studio Magazine, and a contributor to the C# Devel-

oper Center on MSDN. You can keep up with his evolving thoughts on C# and other top-

ics at http://srtsolutions.com/blogs/billwagner.

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Introduction1.

C# (pronounced “See Sharp”) is a simple, modern, object-oriented, and type-safe program-

ming language. C# has its roots in the C family of languages and will be immediately

familiar to C, C++, and Java programmers. C# is standardized by ECMA International as

the ECMA-334 standard and by ISO/IEC as the ISO/IEC 23270 standard. Microsoft’s C#

compiler for the .NET Framework is a conforming implementation of both of these

standards.

C# is an object-oriented language, but C# further includes support for component-oriented

programming. Contemporary software design increasingly relies on software components

in the form of self-contained and self-describing packages of functionality. Key to such

components is that they present a programming model with properties, methods, and

events; they have attributes that provide declarative information about the component;

and they incorporate their own documentation. C# provides language constructs to directly

support these concepts, making C# a very natural language in which to create and use

software components.

Several C# features aid in the construction of robust and durable applications: Garbage

collection automatically reclaims memory occupied by unused objects; exception handling

provides a structured and extensible approach to error detection and recovery; and the

type-safe design of the language makes it impossible to read from uninitialized variables,

to index arrays beyond their bounds, or to perform unchecked type casts.

C# has a uniﬁed type system. All C# types, including primitive types such as int and

double, inherit from a single root object type. Thus all types share a set of common opera-

tions, and values of any type can be stored, transported, and operated upon in a consistent

manner. Furthermore, C# supports both user-deﬁned reference types and value types,

allowing dynamic allocation of objects as well as in-line storage of lightweight structures.

To ensure that C# programs and libraries can evolve over time in a compatible manner,

much emphasis has been placed on versioning in C#’s design. Many programming lan-

guages pay little attention to this issue. As a result, programs written in those languages

break more often than necessary when newer versions of dependent libraries are intro-

duced. Aspects of C#’s design that were directly inﬂuenced by versioning considerations

include the separate virtual and override modiﬁers, the rules for method overload reso-

lution, and support for explicit interface member declarations.

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The rest of this chapter describes the essential features of the C# language. Although later

chapters describe rules and exceptions in a detail-oriented and sometimes mathematical

manner, this chapter strives for clarity and brevity at the expense of completeness. The

intent is to provide the reader with an introduction to the language that will facilitate the

writing of early programs and the reading of later chapters.

n I’m absolutely willing to go with “modern, object-oriented, and

type-safe,” but C# isn’t nearly as simple as it once was. However, given that the lan-

guage gained functionality such as generics and anonymous delegates in C# 2.0,

LINQ-related features in C# 3.0, and dynamic values in C# 4.0, the programs them-

selves become simpler, more readable, and easier to maintain—which should be the

goal of any programming language.

n C# is also increasingly a functional programming language. Fea-

tures such as type inference, lambda expressions, and monadic query comprehensions

allow traditional object-oriented developers to use these ideas from functional lan-

guages to increase the expressiveness of the language.

n C# is not a pure object-oriented language but rather a lan-

guage that is extended over time to get more productivity in the main areas where C#

is used. Programs written with C# 3.0 can look completely different than programs

written in C# 1.0 with functional programming constructs.

n Certain aspects of C# have certainly made this language more func-

tional over time—but at the same time, mutability was encouraged in C# 3.0 by both

automatically implemented properties and object initializers. It will be interesting to

see whether features encouraging immutability arrive in future versions, along with

support for other areas such as tuples, pattern matching, and tail recursion.

n This section has not changed since the ﬁrst version of the C# spec.

Obviously, the language has grown and added new idioms—and yet C# is still an

approachable language. These advanced features are always within reach, but not

always required for every program. C# is still approachable for inexperienced devel-

opers even as it grows more and more powerful.

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