Oracle数据库11g入门教程

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"Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide" Oracle Database 11g是Oracle公司推出的数据库管理系统版本，专为初学者提供全面的指导。本书由Ian Abramson、Michael Abbey、Michael J. Corey和Michelle Malcher共同编写，旨在帮助读者掌握Oracle数据库的基础知识和实践技能。在Oracle Database 11g中，学习者可以了解数据库管理系统的基本概念，如关系型数据库模型、SQL语言、数据存储与检索、数据库设计以及安全管理。以下是一些关键的知识点： 1. **Oracle简介**：Oracle数据库是全球广泛使用的商业数据库系统之一，以其高性能、高可用性和可扩展性著称。Oracle 11g版本引入了许多新特性，例如自动存储管理（Automatic Storage Management, ASM）、实时应用集群（Real Application Clusters, RAC）和数据加密等。 2. **数据库安装与配置**：初学者将学习如何在不同的操作系统上安装Oracle Database 11g，包括设置环境变量、创建数据库实例、配置网络服务等步骤。 3. **SQL基础**：SQL（Structured Query Language）是用于管理和操作关系数据库的语言。书中会详细介绍SQL的查询、插入、更新和删除操作，以及如何使用子查询、联接和聚合函数。 4. **PL/SQL编程**：PL/SQL是Oracle数据库的编程语言，结合了SQL和过程式编程。学习者将学会编写存储过程、函数、触发器和游标，以实现更复杂的数据库逻辑。 5. **数据库管理**：这包括表空间管理、索引创建与优化、备份与恢复策略、性能监控和调优。Oracle的企业管理器（Enterprise Manager）工具也会被介绍，它提供了图形化的数据库管理界面。 6. **安全性**：理解Oracle的权限和角色系统，如何创建用户、分配权限，以及使用视图和同义词来控制访问。还会涉及审计和数据加密功能。 7. **高级特性**：Oracle 11g引入了一些高级特性，如自动工作负载 repository (AWR) 和 SQL Tuning Advisor，用于数据库性能分析和优化。还有RAC和Data Guard，用于实现高可用性和灾难恢复。 8. **开发与应用集成**：讨论如何将Oracle数据库与其他应用程序集成，如Java、.NET或Web服务，以及使用ODBC和JDBC进行连接。通过深入阅读和实践本书中的内容，初学者将能够建立坚实的基础，逐步进阶到更高级的Oracle数据库管理领域。书中的例子和练习旨在增强理解和应用能力，使读者能够在实际环境中有效运用所学知识。

Introduction

he release of Oracle Database 11g is one that comes with much

anticipation. We are at a time when data is exploding and the cost

of operations must be reduced. Oracle 11g is a release that addresses

many of these concerns and provides a database that can help

organizations move forward without boundaries. With the release of

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide, we bring back together the Abramson,

Abbey, and Corey team that has been writing these books for over 13 years. That

time slice is pale compared to the length of time the Oracle database software has

been embracing the information highway. Recently Oracle celebrated its 30th

anniversary with the customary hoopla and fanfare…justifiably so.

One cannot rub shoulders with fellow information technologists without experiencing

Oracle’s technology, and quite a piece of technology it is! In the beginning, there was a

database, and then came development tools. The Oracle product line added components

at an ever more accelerating rate. This book is all about the foundation underneath just

about everything running the Oracle technology stack—the database. Regardless of what

corner of the technology you work with, being familiar with the underpinnings of the

database technology makes you a better practitioner.

Where has Oracle been, and where is it going? The former question is not that hard

to answer, the latter a mystery until it unfolds. In 1979 we saw the first commercial SQL

RDBMS offering from a new company in Redwood Shores, California—Software

Development Laboratories. Close to two years later, the company morphed into

Relational Software, Inc. in Menlo Park, not far from its origin. The VAX hardware

platform was the initial home of the database offering. The rest of the story of this

company, now known as Oracle Corporation, is revolutionary—all the way from the

first read-consistent database (1984), through its first full suite of applications (1992),

to the first web database offering (1997). The calendar year 2000 saw the first Internet

development suite, followed not long thereafter by the release of Enterprise Grid

computing with Database 10g in 2003. The acquisitions path emerged strongly in

2004 with the purchase of PeopleSoft, and it did not stop there. Significant technology

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Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide

acquisitions are now common for this software giant, with Stellent Inc., Hyperion

Solutions Corporation, and, more recently, BEA Systems. As of the publication date of

this book, Oracle has acquired over 40 companies, making their products a significant

component of its growth strategy.

The database will always be the backbone of Oracle’s product line—hence the

fifth release of this successful suite of works: Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s

Guide. What many people find so fascinating about the Oracle technology stack

is how you can bury yourself in such a small part of the database offering. The part

that you are familiar with compared to the complete technology stack can be likened

to a little itty-bitty street corner compared to the network of intersections in a

thriving urban metropolis. Many of us live and breathe our piece of the database

technology, never having the opportunity to experience the features and functionality

leveraged elsewhere. That is why we wrote this Beginner’s Guide. Our main audience

is just that, the beginner, but there are also chapters in this book that cater to the

information needs of seasoned veterans with the technology.

In the earliest days of the Beginner’s Guide, we continually heard two dramatically

opposing opinions about the same thing. On one hand, some people said “One

thing I really like about the Oracle database software is that it’s so easy to tune”; on

the other hand, some claimed “One thing I really hate the Oracle database software

is that it’s so hard to tune.” Exactly where you align yourself as you get further and

further into this book remains to be seen; suffice it to say, the material covered in

Oracle Database 11g: A Beginner’s Guide will help you make more informed

decisions and adopt better best practices now and in the future. Oracle Database

is a powerful tool, and this book will be your first step toward empowerment and

your future of becoming an Oracle expert.

This book features the following elements, which enable you to check your

progress and understanding of the concepts and details of the product:

■ Critical Skills listed at the beginning of each chapter highlight what you will

learn by the end of the chapter.

■ Step-by-step Projects reinforce the concepts and skills learned in each

chapter, enabling you to apply your newly acquired knowledge and skills

immediately.

■ Ask the Expert questions and answers appear throughout the chapters to

make the subject more interactive and personal.

■ Progress Checks are quick, numbered self-assessment sections where you

can easily check your progress by answering questions and getting immediate

feedback with the provided answers.

■ Mastery Checks at the end of each chapter test proficiency in concepts

and technology details covered in the chapter through multiple-choice,

fill-in-the blank, true/false, and short-answer questions.

This book introduces you to many aspects of the Oracle database software.

Chapter 1 starts with the concept of a database and how Oracle is structured so

that you understand the fundamentals. Chapter 2 covers installing the software that

you are going to need to try things out. We have provided a step-by-step guide to

installing the software on Linux, but if you wish to install it on another platform, this

chapter will help you understand the choices that you need to make when installing

the database.

Once your database is installed, you will need to communicate with it; in order

to do this, you may need to install Oracle client software to access the database.

Chapter 3 on connecting to Oracle will guide you through the tasks that can often

be complex, but we provide information on how to keep it simple.

Once the database is installed and you can communicate with it, you need to

speak the languages that the database understands. We provide you with a solid

introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chapter 4, as well as Oracle’s

own programming language, PL/SQL, in Chapter 5. These two chapters will help

you create robust interactions with the database to get data into and out of your

database.

The administration of the Oracle database is largely a function of the people who

work closely with Oracle’s software. Thus, we provide you with a deep introduction

to these functions and features. In Chapter 6 we will show you what database

administrators (DBAs) do on a daily, weekly, and other basis. In Chapter 7 we

provide guidance on how to do backups and, in case things really go wrong with

your database, how to restore your old database.

Oracle 11g has many features that are at the leading edge of technology, and

Oracle Rapid Application Clusters (RAC) and Automatic Storage Management (ASM)

are important technology in the order to support the high-availability needs of

today’s applications. Take time in Chapter 8 to become familiar with all of this

technology to ensure that you understand how today’s databases are deployed and

optimized for performance and availability.

Finally, in Chapter 9 we discuss features that apply to large databases. As you

will learn or are already aware, databases are growing at an exponential rate. We

need to use the facilities of the database that address this growth and ensure that we

optimize the investment an organization makes in its Oracle software. This book

closes by discussing many of the features that will become everyday necessities in

your Oracle job.

There is one thing you must keep in mind as you travel around the pages of this

book: Oracle Database 11g is a complex product with many, many more features

and facilities than we can discuss here. We have chosen topics based on our own

experiences of what Oracle customers use 90% of the time, but realize that this is

just the start of a very interesting journey. As we say, “You have to start

somewhere.”

Oracle Database is an exciting product, and one that will provide you with

limitless chances to learn more about it. This book is one of your first steps; we

hope you take from it the curiosity to dig deeper into the topics.

Introduction

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