XNA游戏编程入门到专业指南

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" Beginning XNA 3.0 Game Programming: From Novice to Professional 是一本由 Alexandre Santos Lobão, Bruno Evangelista, José Antonio Leal de Farias 和 Riemer Grootjans 合著的英文电子书，专注于教授使用 Microsoft 的 XNA Framework 开发游戏的初级到高级知识。该书涵盖了编程、计算机科学以及与游戏开发相关的数学概念。" 本书旨在帮助初学者到专业人士全面了解XNA 3.0游戏编程。XNA是Microsoft推出的一款游戏开发框架，它简化了游戏的创建过程，特别是针对Windows、Xbox 360和Zune平台。通过使用C#编程语言，开发者可以利用XNA的工具集快速构建游戏。书中可能包含以下关键知识点： 1. **XNA基础知识**：介绍XNA Framework的架构，包括Content Pipeline（内容管道）系统，用于管理游戏资源如图像、音频和模型的加载和处理。 2. **图形编程**：讲解DirectX基础，如向量和矩阵运算，用于3D图形变换；同时可能涉及颜色理论、纹理映射和光照模型，这些都是创建逼真游戏场景的关键。 3. **游戏对象和精灵**：如何设计和实现可复用的游戏对象类，以及使用SpriteBatch进行2D图形绘制。 4. **声音和音乐**：集成和管理音频资源，使用XACT（XNA Audio Creation Tool）创建和播放音效和背景音乐。 5. **输入处理**：处理键盘、鼠标和游戏控制器输入，为玩家提供交互性。 6. **物理模拟**：介绍基本的碰撞检测和物理引擎的概念，用于游戏中的动态物体行为。 7. **游戏逻辑和状态管理**：如何组织游戏循环，管理不同游戏状态，如菜单、游戏进行和暂停。 8. **网络编程**：如果涉及多人游戏，可能会讲解如何使用XNA进行网络通信，实现玩家间的互动。 9. **优化和性能**：讨论游戏性能的优化技巧，如内存管理和CPU使用率控制。 10. **调试和测试**：教授如何使用Visual Studio的调试工具来找出并修复代码中的错误。 11. **发布和部署**：指导读者如何将游戏打包并发布到Xbox Live Indie Games或其他平台。 12. **案例研究**：通过实际的游戏项目示例，演示如何将所学应用到完整游戏的开发中。这本书的技术审稿人 Fabio Claudio Ferracchiati 的专业参与，确保了内容的准确性和专业性。书中可能还包括了对编程最佳实践和行业标准的讨论，以帮助读者成长为专业的游戏开发者。 "Beginning XNA 3.0 Game Programming: From Noviceto Professional" 是一本全面的教程，旨在帮助读者从零开始学习游戏开发，通过实践项目掌握XNA框架，并最终能够独立完成高质量的游戏作品。

xix

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank David Weller—although he could not help with this book—for being a

great buddy and a source of inspiration for me and for many guys from the academic and indie

game development communities. And a special thanks to Amintas Neto, from Microsoft Brazil,

for his great work fostering XNA development at Brazilian universities.

Alexandre Santos Lobão

I would like to thank God for his countless blessings and for giving me the opportunity to work

on this great book; my parents Kathia and Gledson, who always motivated me to do my best;

my stepfather Claudio, my stepmother Celida, and my brothers for all their support; and my

girlfriend Helenice for all these great years together.

Also a special thanks to Alessandro Silva, a great friend and game developer who studied

with me during my university years; Carlos Augusto, who contributed some assets for the XNA

TPS game; and Francisco Ardisson, who helped translate some parts of the book.

In this long journey, I had a few mentors and guides who helped me to get here and who I

cannot forget to mention: Theldo Franqueira, Marcelo Nery, Fabio Policarpo, Rosilane Mota,

Luiz Chaimowicz, Renato Ferreira, Esteban Clua, Fabio Tirelo, and Harlen Batagelo. Thank you

for all I have learned from you!

Bruno Evangelista

First, I’d like to thank all the Sharp Games community for the encouragement and suggestions

they provided me, and especially my friends Shinji and Amintas Neto for everything they’ve

done for XNA in Brazil.

I also need to say thanks to Microsoft; to its MVP program; to Leonardo Tolomelli, my MVP

lead; and to all other MVPs in Brazil who always are a source of inspiration for me.

Also a special thanks to my wife Cecir for having enormous love and patience with me when

this book was being planned and written; to my four-year-old son, Leonardo, for his critical

sense of what is a good game; and to my parents for continuing to love a son who read books on

assembly language when the other boys read Spiderman comics.

José Antonio Leal de Farias

I thank my girlfriend Elisa and my family, for the love and support they’ve given me while I was

working on this book.

I would like to express my appreciation and thankfulness to the skillful group of professionals

at Apress that put a lot of work in the organization and guidance during the completion this

book. Special thanks to Joohn Choe, for the many useful ideas and additions.

Furthermore, I thank the people on my forum, for their enthusiasm and contributions.

Last, but definitely not least, I would like to thank the other authors for the efforts they put

in my parts of the book while I was not available.

Riemer Grootjans

xxi

Introduction

According to the point-of-sale information compiled by NPD Group (http://www.npd.com), a

leading US marketing information provider, computer and video game sales totaled more than

seven billion dollars in each of the past three years. The video game software industry accounts

for more than six billion dollars of this total. If we include portable and console hardware, soft-

ware, and accessory sales, in 2006, the video game industry generated revenue of close to twelve

and a half billion dollars, exceeding the previous record of around two billion dollars. These

figures alone might be reason enough to interest someone in learning XNA and becoming a

game developer, trying to get a share of a market that’s more profitable than the Hollywood

moviemaking one.

But let’s be fair and not hide the facts. Unfortunately, there are few openings in this area—

about one game programming job per every thousand “real-life” programming jobs. Worse

than that, on average, the game industry pays its programmers less than other industries do.

After digesting these facts, if you still think that working as a game developer might be cool

and rewarding, then this book is for you! We also have some good news: now that Microsoft has

opened its LIVE market to XNA games made by the community, there is a potential market of

ten million people for your homemade games!

This book has the goal of introducing you to XNA, the cross-platform game programming

framework from Microsoft, and also presenting you with basic concepts from the game program-

ming industry, showing how these concepts apply to the XNA world. The samples in this book,

which include some complete games, will give you the knowledge you need to create your own

simple games.

That said, this book won’t present you with hard-core math and physics or dig into advanced

programming concepts, which are indeed needed if you really want to become a professional

game developer. Instead, this book is a first step into this industry, presenting an overview of

most of the things you need to know and giving you a road map for further studies in this area.

More than that, this book intends to be fun! One of the most interesting things you’ll see in

the game programming industry is the unmatched passion of the people who work in it. If there’s

one goal for this book, it’s to light this passion in novices’ hearts with simple explanations and,

especially, with cool game examples, so this fire can keep burning in the years to come.

After all, this is a book written with a lot of passion!

What Is XNA?

XNA is a play on words. It stands for “XNA’s Not an Acronym.” Microsoft’s world is so full of

acronyms that it decided to create a name that looks like an acronym, but isn’t, just for fun.

With Microsoft XNA, for the first time ever, a nonprofessional game developer can create

single and multiplayer games that can run on a PC, the Xbox 360 console, and the Zune. The

concept of bringing to the average Joe the power to create his own games for the Xbox 360 is a

great technological innovation, which comes with many efforts from Microsoft to establish an

xxii

■INTRODUCTION

active community for game creators, as well as to establish programs in the academic area to

support institutions that wish to create courses using retail Xbox 360 consoles.

These efforts become obvious when you realize that Microsoft XNA Game Studio 3.0 can

be downloaded at no charge from Microsoft’s site (http://www.microsoft.com/XNA). Microsoft

also offers free game content, including video tutorials, starter kits (ready-made games, which

can be freely customized), samples, and other support content at the XNA Creators Club web

site (http://creators.XNA.com).

The last step in making Microsoft LIVE known as the “YouTube for games” is the ability to

upload the games you created and distribute (or even sell) them to anyone in the world with a

LIVE connection. No wonder the nonprofessional game programmer community is so excited

by XNA Game Studio and the frequent updates and new content on the XNA Creators Club site!

The greatest secret behind XNA’s success is that it’s easy—much easier than any console

programming application programming interface (API) or Windows game programming API.

That’s because of the abstraction it provides for details that you need to worry about in other

APIs. XNA uses the same integrated development environment (IDE)—XNA Game Studio

Express—and the same framework for developing games for Windows, Xbox 360, and Zune

platforms, which ensures a high degree of compatibility. However, there are differences in the

lower layer: the Xbox 360 and the Zune run a compact version of the .NET Framework, so you

must be careful—not all functions available in Windows will run on the Xbox 360 or Zune.

We’ll address all this in detail in this book, but you can always find the latest information

about XNA architecture at Microsoft’s XNA site and at the XNA Creators Club site.

Who This Book Is For

This book is written for anyone who wants to start developing games for the Windows, Xbox 360,

and/or Zune platforms. It can be used as a first step on a long road toward a game development

career or as a guide to hobby game development. For example, perhaps you have a great idea

for a simple game—the next Tetris—and have always wanted to have the basic knowledge,

straight and simple, of how to create games. So, this book is for you if you want to have fun

creating or modifying simple games and sharing them with friends.

How This Book Is Structured

This book is organized so you can start learning generic game programming concepts, such as

common gaming terminology and math, see how these concepts are implemented in XNA, and

then apply these concepts to real games. We believe that this organization improves your learning,

so you’ll be ready to create your own XNA games after finishing the book. Here’s a quick chapter-

by-chapter rundown:

Chapter 1, Game Planning and Programming Basics: This chapter presents important

game planning concepts that will help you create great games, and also some general

game programming concepts and how these concepts map to XNA. You’ll also create

your first XNA program.

Chapter 2, 2D Graphics, Audio, and Input Basics: This chapter introduces some fundamental

concepts related to 2D game programming. You’ll also see with some samples that demon-

strate how the XNA Framework implements these concepts.

■INTRODUCTION

xxiii

Chapter 3, Creating Your First 2D Game: This chapter is where the real fun begins! You’ll

find out how to put together the ideas presented in the first two chapters to create a

complete game, named Rock Rain.

Chapter 4, Improving Your First 2D Game: Still in the 2D programming world, in this

chapter, you’ll explore other concepts such as creating menus, moving through game

screens, managing players’ scores, and more.

Chapter 5, Basics of Game Networking: In this chapter, you’ll learn about one of the most

exciting features of XNA 3.0: the ability to create network-enabled games. You’ll see how to

connect different machines, either directly or through LIVE.

Chapter 6, Rock Rain Live!: Getting back to your 2D game, in this chapter, you’ll create a

multiplayer version. This includes a new opening scene that allows players to create or join

a match in other machines.

Chapter 7, Rock Rain Zune: Just to show how simple it is to make a game for the Zune, in

this chapter, you’ll create a Rock Rain version that runs on this device.

Chapter 8, 3D Game Programming Basics: This chapter introduces the fundamentals of 3D

game programming. You’ll learn how to create a 3D scene, load and manipulate 3D objects,

move the camera, and everything else you need to know to start digging into virtual 3D worlds.

Chapter 9, Rendering Pipeline, Shaders, and Effects: Getting deeper into the 3D world, you’ll

learn more details about the XNA Content Pipeline and the use of effects and shaders in XNA,

paving the way to create your first 3D game.

Chapter 10, Lights, Camera, Transformations!: In this chapter, you’ll create the base

objects used in any 3D game, which will help you manage lights and cameras, and apply

transformations to your 3D objects.

Chapter 11, Generating a Terrain: Every 3D game that uses a landscape needs a terrain.

This chapter presents the steps for creating, adjusting, and drawing the terrain, and also

how to calculate object collisions with the terrain.

Chapter 12, Skeletal Animation: XNA 3.0 doesn’t offer default support to read and play

animations created by the modelers along with the 3D models. This chapter shows you

how to create a custom model processor to read and play animation data.

Chapter 13, Creating a Third-Person Shooter Game: In this chapter, you put it all together,

using the knowledge from the previous chapters to create a simple 3D third-person

shooter game.

Chapter 14, Closing Words: As we said, this book is fun, and includes a lot of information

about game programming, but it’s only a first step. In this chapter, we present the advice

we always give to our students when finishing a game programming course.

Prerequisites

Before you continue to the first chapter, be sure to download and install the latest version of

XNA, which is easy to find in the Downloads section at http://www.microsoft.com/XNA. We also

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