Oracle RAC指南：10g Release 2权威详解

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Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters) Guide是专为Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (10.2)编写的官方文档，B28759-05版本于2010年6月发布。该指南由Mark Bauer、Janet Stern和Douglas Williams三位主要作者编写，旨在提供关于如何部署、管理和优化Oracle Real Application Clusters环境的深入指导。 RAC是Oracle数据库管理架构的关键组件，它允许在多台物理服务器上共享一个逻辑数据库实例，从而实现高可用性和性能扩展。Real Application Clusters通过集群数据库技术，将数据分布到多个节点，每个节点运行部分数据库进程，确保即使在单个节点故障时，服务仍能继续运行，从而提高系统的容错能力和响应能力。 Oracle RAC Guide涵盖了以下关键知识点： 1. **集群基础设施**：介绍了RAC的硬件和软件需求，包括节点配置、网络组件（如InfiniBand、FC网络）以及操作系统和存储管理的最佳实践。 2. **安装与配置**：详细说明了如何安装和配置RAC环境，包括创建和配置数据库实例，设置集群监听器，以及网格基础设施的设置。 3. **数据库实例管理**：涵盖实例切换、资源管理器（Resource Manager）的使用，以及负载均衡和故障转移策略。 4. **数据分布与一致性**：阐述了如何确保数据的一致性，如分布式事务处理（DTP）、数据块复制和数据文件分片。 5. **高可用性与故障恢复**：讲解了RAC的故障检测和恢复机制，以及如何设计和实施灾难恢复计划。 6. **性能调优**：提供性能监控工具和技术，如性能监视器（Performance Monitor）、SQL Tuning Advisor，以及如何优化资源分配和查询性能。 7. **维护与管理**：涉及日常维护任务、备份与恢复策略，以及安全和权限管理。 8. **问题诊断与解决**：介绍了一些常见问题的排查方法，包括使用诊断视图、日志分析，以及RAC特定的诊断工具。 9. **升级与迁移**：指导用户如何平滑地进行RAC环境的升级和迁移操作，确保业务连续性。请注意，此文档受版权保护，仅在许可协议的条款下使用，并且可能会随着Oracle产品的更新而变化。对于发现的任何错误，用户应书面报告给Oracle。如果软件或文档被提供给美国政府或其他代表政府的实体，可能存在额外的使用限制。 Oracle RAC Guide是数据库管理员、系统架构师和开发人员在部署和管理大规模Oracle数据库集群环境中不可或缺的参考材料，其内容丰富详实，能够帮助用户充分利用RAC的优势，提升组织的IT性能和可靠性。

Tools for Installing, Configuring and Managing Oracle RAC

1-4 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

the disk level. Mirroring means keeping redundant copies, or mirrored copies, of

each extent of the file, to help avoid data loss caused by disk failures. The mirrored

copy of each file extent is always kept on a different disk from the original copy. If

a disk fails, ASM can continue to access affected files by accessing mirrored copies

on the surviving disks in the disk group.

■ Online storage reconfiguration and dynamic rebalancing—ASM permits you to

add or remove disks from your disk storage system while the database is

operating. When you add a disk, ASM automatically redistributes the data so that

it is evenly spread across all disks in the disk group, including the new disk. The

process of redistributing data so that it is also spread across the newly added disks

is known as rebalancing. It is done in the background and with minimal impact to

database performance.

■ Managed file creation and deletion—ASM further reduces administration tasks

by enabling files stored in ASM disk groups to be managed by Oracle Database.

ASM automatically assigns file names when files are created, and automatically

deletes files when they are no longer needed.

ASM is implemented as a special kind of Oracle instance, with its own System Global

Area and background processes. The ASM instance is tightly integrated with the

database instance. Every server running one or more database instances that use ASM

for storage has an ASM instance. In an Oracle RAC environment, there is one ASM

instance for each node, and the ASM instances communicate with each other on a

peer-to-peer basis. Only one ASM instance is required for each node regardless of the

number of database instances on the node.

Oracle recommends that you use ASM for your database file storage, instead of raw

devices or the operating system file system. However, databases can have a mixture of

ASM files and non-ASM files.

Tools for Installing, Configuring and Managing Oracle RAC

The following is a description of the tools used for installing, configuring, and

managing an Oracle RAC database:

■ Oracle Universal Installer (OUI)–OUI installs the Oracle Clusterware and the

Oracle Database software with Oracle RAC. After you configure the nodes that

you want to use in your cluster, OUI installs the Oracle software on the specified

nodes using a network connection.

■ Cluster Verification Utility (CVU)–The CVU is a command-line tool that you can

use to verify a range of cluster and Oracle RAC components such as shared

storage devices, networking configurations, system requirements, and Oracle

Clusterware, as well as operating system groups and users. You can use the CVU

for preinstallation as well as postinstallation checks of your cluster environment.

The CVU is especially useful during preinstallation and during installation of

Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC components. OUI runs the CVU after the

Oracle Clusterware installation to verify your environment.

■ Oracle Enterprise Manager –Oracle Enterprise Manager has both the Database

Control and Grid Control graphical user interfaces (GUIs) for managing single-

instance and Oracle RAC environments.

■ Server Control (SRVCTL)–SRVCTL is a command-line interface that you can use

to manage an Oracle RAC database from a single point. You can use SRVCTL to

start and stop the database and instances, and to delete or move instances and

services. You can also use SRVCTL to add services and manage configuration

information. You use SVRCTL to start and stop a group of applications that

Checking Requirements

2-2 Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

You will need at least 1.5 GB of available disk space for the Oracle Database home

directory and 1.5 GB of available disk space for the Oracle Automatic Storage

Management (ASM) home directory. You will also need 120 MB of disk available space

for the Oracle Clusterware software installation. For best performance and protection,

you should have multiple disks, each using a different disk controller.

An Oracle RAC database is a shared everything database. All datafiles, control files, redo

log files, and the server parameter file (SPFILE) in Oracle RAC environments must

reside on shared storage that is accessible by all the instances in the cluster database.

The Oracle RAC installation that is described in this guide uses Oracle ASM for the

shared storage of the database files.

Oracle Clusterware achieves superior scalability and high availability by using the

following components:

■ Voting disk–Manages cluster membership and arbitrates cluster ownership

between the nodes in case of network failures. The voting disk is a file that resides

on shared storage. For high availability, Oracle recommends that you have more

than one voting disk, and that you have an odd number of voting disks. If you

define a single voting disk, then use mirroring at the file system level for

redundancy.

■ Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)–Maintains cluster configuration information as

well as configuration information about any cluster database within the cluster.

The OCR contains information such as which database instances run on which

nodes and which services run on which databases. The OCR also stores

information about processes that Oracle Clusterware controls. The OCR resides on

shared storage that is accessible by all the nodes in your cluster. Oracle

Clusterware can multiplex, or maintain multiple copies of, the OCR and Oracle

recommends that you use this feature to ensure high availability.

These Oracle Clusterware components require the following additional disk space:

■ Two Oracle Clusterware Registry files, 256 MB each, or 512 MB total disk space

■ Three voting disk files, 256 MB each, or 768 MB total disk space

For voting disk file placement, ensure that each voting disk is configured so that it

does not share any hardware device or disk, or other single point of failure. See

"Configuring the Raw Storage Devices and Partitions" on page 2-16 for more

information about configuring Oracle Clusterware files.

Note: When you install the Oracle Database software, Oracle

Universal Installer (OUI) automatically performs hardware

prerequisite checks and notifies you if they are not met.

Note: Both the voting disks and the OCR must reside on shared

devices that you configure before you install Oracle Clusterware and

Oracle RAC.

See Also: Oracle Clusterware and Oracle Real Application Clusters

Installation and Configuration Guide for your platform for information

about exact requirements

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