Oracle Spatial 10gRelease2官方指南：空间数据库开发

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"Oracle Spatial官方指南，10g Release 2 (10.2)，由Chuck Murray等人编写，出版于2006年3月。该文档是关于在Oracle数据库中索引、存储空间数据以及开发空间应用的使用和参考指南。" Oracle Spatial是Oracle数据库的一个扩展，专门用于处理地理空间数据。它提供了对二维和三维空间对象的支持，包括点、线、面、多边形等，以及更复杂的空间关系。在Oracle Spatial中，你可以创建空间索引，以便高效地查询和操作大量空间数据。在10g Release 2 (10.2)版本中，Oracle Spatial引入了多项关键特性： 1. **空间索引**：Oracle Spatial使用R树（R-Tree）索引来管理和优化空间查询，这种索引结构能够有效地处理多维空间数据，提供快速的空间邻近性查询和范围查询。 2. **数据类型**：Oracle Spatial支持SDO_GEOMETRY数据类型，用于存储空间对象。这个数据类型包含几何信息（点、线、面等）、坐标系统信息和拓扑信息。 3. **空间函数和操作**：提供了丰富的空间分析和操作函数，如距离计算、缓冲区创建、空间关系检查（如相交、覆盖、邻接等）。 4. **地理编码（Geocoding）**：将地址转换为经纬度坐标，便于在地图上定位。 5. **Oracle Locator**：Oracle Locator是Oracle Spatial的简化版，适用于不需要高级空间分析功能但需要空间数据存储和简单查询的场景。 6. **兼容性与互操作性**：Oracle Spatial遵循OGC（Open Geospatial Consortium）标准，可以与其他遵循OGC标准的空间软件进行互操作。 7. **性能优化**：通过并行查询处理、分区和索引优化，提高大规模空间数据的处理速度。 8. **安全性和权限管理**：集成Oracle数据库的安全机制，可以控制对空间数据的访问和操作。 9. **应用程序开发**：提供了API（如Java和PL/SQL）供开发者构建空间应用，支持JDBC和ODBC接口，使得非Oracle环境下的应用也能利用其空间功能。 10. **文档详尽**：用户指南和参考手册提供了详细的使用和参考信息，帮助开发者和管理员理解和使用Oracle Spatial的各种功能。在实际应用中，Oracle Spatial常被用于GIS（地理信息系统）、交通规划、环境监测、房地产管理、物流配送等领域。通过理解和掌握Oracle Spatial，开发者可以构建高效、精准的空间数据管理系统，解决复杂的地理空间问题。

xvi

List of Figures

1–1 Geometric Types ......................................................................................................................... 1-4

1–2 Query Model................................................................................................................................ 1-8

1–3 MBR Enclosing a Geometry....................................................................................................... 1-9

1–4 R-Tree Hierarchical Index on MBRs...................................................................................... 1-10

1–5 The Nine-Intersection Model ................................................................................................. 1-11

1–6 Topological Relationships....................................................................................................... 1-12

1–7 Distance Buffers for Points, Lines, and Polygons................................................................ 1-13

1–8 Tolerance in an Aggregate Union Operation....................................................................... 1-15

2–1 Areas of Interest for the Simple Example................................................................................ 2-2

2–2 Rectangle ................................................................................................................................... 2-15

2–3 Polygon with a Hole................................................................................................................ 2-16

2–4 Compound Line String............................................................................................................ 2-18

2–5 Compound Polygon ................................................................................................................ 2-19

2–6 Point-Only Geometry .............................................................................................................. 2-20

2–7 Oriented Point Geometry........................................................................................................ 2-22

2–8 Geometry with Type 0 (Zero) Element................................................................................. 2-24

4–1 Geometries with MBRs .............................................................................................................. 4-7

4–2 Layer with a Query Window .................................................................................................... 4-7

7–1 Geometric Segment..................................................................................................................... 7-2

7–2 Describing a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset .................................. 7-3

7–3 Measures, Distances, and Their Mapping Relationship........................................................ 7-4

7–4 Measure Populating of a Geometric Segment ........................................................................ 7-4

7–5 Measure Populating with Disproportional Assigned Measures ......................................... 7-4

7–6 Linear Feature, Geometric Segments, and LRS Points .......................................................... 7-5

7–7 Creating a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-6

7–8 Defining a Geometric Segment ................................................................................................. 7-8

7–9 Redefining a Geometric Segment ............................................................................................. 7-9

7–10 Clipping, Splitting, and Concatenating Geometric Segments.............................................. 7-9

7–11 Measure Assignment in Geometric Segment Operations.................................................. 7-10

7–12 Segment Direction with Concatenation................................................................................ 7-11

7–13 Scaling a Geometric Segment................................................................................................. 7-11

7–14 Offsetting a Geometric Segment............................................................................................ 7-12

7–15 Locating a Point Along a Segment with a Measure and an Offset................................... 7-12

7–16 Ambiguity in Location Referencing with Offsets................................................................ 7-13

7–17 Multiple Projection Points ...................................................................................................... 7-13

7–18 Conversion from Standard to LRS Line String.................................................................... 7-14

7–19 Segment for Clip Operation Affected by Tolerance............................................................ 7-15

7–20 Simplified LRS Example: Highway....................................................................................... 7-16

8–1 Spatial Mining and Oracle Data Mining.................................................................................. 8-2

15–1 Arc Tolerance............................................................................................................................ 15-7

15–2 SDO_GEOM.SDO_DIFFERENCE ....................................................................................... 15-18

15–3 SDO_GEOM.SDO_INTERSECTION .................................................................................. 15-22

15–4 SDO_GEOM.SDO_UNION.................................................................................................. 15-34

15–5 SDO_GEOM.SDO_XOR........................................................................................................ 15-36

16–1 Translating a Geometric Segment ....................................................................................... 16-78

20–1 Simplification of a Geometry ............................................................................................... 20-32

C–1 Basic Flow of Action with the Spatial Routing Engine......................................................... C-1

xvii

List of Tables

2–1 Valid SDO_GTYPE Values ....................................................................................................... 2-6

2–2 Values and Semantics in SDO_ELEM_INFO......................................................................... 2-9

2–3 SDO_GEOMETRY Methods.................................................................................................. 2-11

2–4 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_INFO Views................................................................ 2-32

2–5 Columns in the xxx_SDO_INDEX_METADATA Views .................................................. 2-32

2–6 Columns in an R-Tree Spatial Index Data Table ................................................................ 2-34

5–1 Attributes for Formal Address Representation..................................................................... 5-1

5–2 Match Modes for Geocoding Operations ............................................................................... 5-2

5–3 Match Codes for Geocoding Operations................................................................................ 5-3

5–4 Geocoded Address Error Message Interpretation ................................................................ 5-4

5–5 SDO_GEO_ADDR Type Attributes......................................................................................... 5-5

5–6 GC_AREA_<suffix> Table..................................................................................................... 5-10

5–7 GC_COUNTRY_PROFILE Table.......................................................................................... 5-11

5–8 GC_INTERSECTION_<suffix> Table .................................................................................. 5-13

5–9 GC_POI_<suffix> Table......................................................................................................... 5-14

5–10 GC_POSTAL_CODE_<suffix> Table................................................................................... 5-15

5–11 GC_ROAD_<suffix> Table.................................................................................................... 5-16

5–12 GC_ROAD_SEGMENT_<suffix> Table .............................................................................. 5-18

6–1 SDO_COORD_AXES Table ...................................................................................................... 6-9

6–2 SDO_COORD_AXIS_NAMES Table ...................................................................................... 6-9

6–3 SDO_COORD_OP_METHODS Table..................................................................................... 6-9

6–4 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_USE Table............................................................................. 6-10

6–5 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAM_VALS Table .......................................................................... 6-10

6–6 SDO_COORD_OP_PARAMS Table..................................................................................... 6-11

6–7 SDO_COORD_OP_PATHS Table......................................................................................... 6-11

6–8 SDO_COORD_OPS Table...................................................................................................... 6-12

6–9 SDO_COORD_REF_SYS Table ............................................................................................. 6-13

6–10 SDO_COORD_SYS Table....................................................................................................... 6-15

6–11 SDO_CRS_COMPOUND View ............................................................................................ 6-15

6–12 SDO_CRS_ENGINEERING View ........................................................................................ 6-16

6–13 SDO_CRS_GEOCENTRIC View........................................................................................... 6-16

6–14 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC2D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–15 SDO_CRS_GEOGRAPHIC3D View..................................................................................... 6-17

6–16 SDO_CRS_PROJECTED View .............................................................................................. 6-18

6–17 SDO_CRS_VERTICAL View................................................................................................. 6-19

6–18 SDO_DATUM_ENGINEERING View ................................................................................ 6-19

6–19 SDO_DATUM_GEODETIC View ........................................................................................ 6-20

6–20 SDO_DATUM_VERTICAL View......................................................................................... 6-20

6–21 SDO_DATUMS Table............................................................................................................. 6-21

6–22 SDO_ELLIPSOIDS Table ....................................................................................................... 6-22

6–23 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_SYSTEM Table............................................................................ 6-23

6–24 SDO_PREFERRED_OPS_USER Table ................................................................................. 6-24

6–25 SDO_PRIME_MERIDIANS Table ........................................................................................ 6-24

6–26 SDO_UNITS_OF_MEASURE Table..................................................................................... 6-24

6–27 MDSYS.CS_SRS Table ............................................................................................................ 6-26

6–28 MDSYS.SDO_ANGLE_UNITS View ................................................................................... 6-29

6–29 SDO_AREA_UNITS View..................................................................................................... 6-30

6–30 MDSYS.SDO_DATUMS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_DATUMS_OLD_SNAPSHOT Tables..

6-30

6–31 MDSYS.SDO_DIST_UNITS View......................................................................................... 6-32

6–32 MDSYS.SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_ELLIPSOIDS_OLD_SNAPSHOT

Tables 6-33

6–33 MDSYS.SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_FORMAT and SDO_PROJECTIONS_OLD_

xviii

SNAPSHOT Tables 6-34

7–1 Highway Features and LRS Counterparts .......................................................................... 7-16

10–1 Spatial Index Creation and Usage Statements.................................................................... 10-1

11–1 Main Spatial Operators .......................................................................................................... 11-1

11–2 Convenience Operators for SDO_RELATE Operations.................................................... 11-1

11–3 params Keywords for the SDO_JOIN Operator............................................................... 11-14

11–4 Keywords for the SDO_NN Param Parameter................................................................. 11-16

12–1 Spatial Aggregate Functions ................................................................................................. 12-1

13–1 Subprograms for Coordinate System Transformation...................................................... 13-1

13–2 Table to Hold Transformed Layer...................................................................................... 13-39

14–1 Subprograms for Geocoding Address Data........................................................................ 14-1

15–1 Geometry Subprograms......................................................................................................... 15-1

16–1 Subprograms for Creating and Editing Geometric Segments.......................................... 16-1

16–2 Subprograms for Querying and Validating Geometric Segments................................... 16-2

16–3 Subprograms for Converting Geometric Segments........................................................... 16-3

18–1 Subprograms for Spatial Analysis and Mining .................................................................. 18-1

19–1 Tuning Subprograms.............................................................................................................. 19-1

20–1 Spatial Utility Subprograms.................................................................................................. 20-1

B–1 Spatial Features Supported for Locator................................................................................. B-2

B–2 Spatial Features Not Supported for Locator ......................................................................... B-2

B–3 Feature Availability with Standard and Enterprise Editions............................................. B-3

C–1 EDGE Table.............................................................................................................................. C-20

C–2 NODE Table............................................................................................................................. C-21

C–3 PARTITION Table .................................................................................................................. C-21

C–4 SIGN_POST Table................................................................................................................... C-22

xix

Preface

Oracle Spatial User’s Guide and Reference provides usage and reference information for

indexing and storing spatial data and for developing spatial applications using Oracle

Spatial and Oracle Locator.

Oracle Spatial requires the Enterprise Edition of Oracle Database 10g. It is a foundation

for the deployment of enterprise-wide spatial information systems, and Web-based

and wireless location-based applications requiring complex spatial data management.

Oracle Locator is a feature of the Standard and Enterprise Editions of Oracle Database

10g. It offers a subset of Oracle Spatial capabilities (see Appendix B for a list of Locator

features) typically required to support Internet and wireless service applications and

partner-based geographic information system (GIS) solutions.

The Standard and Enterprise Editions of Oracle Database 10g have the same basic

features. However, several advanced features, such as extended data types, are

available only with the Enterprise Edition, and some of these features are optional. For

example, to use Oracle Database 10g table partitioning, you must have the Enterprise

Edition and the Partitioning Option.

For information about the differences between Oracle Database 10g Standard Edition

and Oracle Database 10g Enterprise Edition and the features and options that are

available to you, see Oracle Database New Features.

Audience

This guide is intended for anyone who needs to store spatial data in an Oracle

database.

Documentation Accessibility

Our goal is to make Oracle products, services, and supporting documentation

accessible, with good usability, to the disabled community. To that end, our

documentation includes features that make information available to users of assistive

technology. This documentation is available in HTML format, and contains markup to

facilitate access by the disabled community. Accessibility standards will continue to

evolve over time, and Oracle is actively engaged with other market-leading

technology vendors to address technical obstacles so that our documentation can be

Note: The relational geometry model of Oracle Spatial is no longer

supported, effective with Oracle release 9.2. Only the

object-relational model is supported.

accessible to all of our customers. For more information, visit the Oracle Accessibility

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http://www.oracle.com/accessibility/

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