精通MySQL：构建高性能数据库系统

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"《高性能MySQL(第2版)英文版》是针对MySQL数据库系统的一本专业书籍，旨在帮助读者提升MySQL应用开发和管理的技能，构建高性能、高可用的数据库系统。作者关注于满足开发者和管理员的需求，尤其强调在面对大规模查询处理和服务器故障时的系统稳定性。本书假设读者已有一定的MySQL基础和系统管理经验，涵盖了集群搭建、性能优化、故障恢复等多个关键主题。此外，还提到了与之相关的O'Reilly出版社其他技术资源，包括.NET、PHP和PostgreSQL的书籍，以及在线参考库Safari Bookshelf。" 在《高性能MySQL(第2版)》中，读者可以期待学习到以下关键知识点： 1. **MySQL性能优化**：书中将深入探讨如何通过调整SQL查询、索引优化、存储引擎选择等方式提高MySQL的查询性能。 2. **高可用性与集群构建**：介绍如何设计和搭建MySQL集群，实现负载均衡和故障切换，确保服务的持续性和数据的可靠性。 3. **备份与恢复策略**：讲解如何制定有效的备份计划，以及在灾难发生时迅速恢复数据，确保业务连续性。 4. **监控与调试**：提供关于监控MySQL性能指标、诊断问题和进行性能调优的方法，帮助管理员及时发现和解决问题。 5. **安全性**：讨论如何设置权限、加密数据以及保护数据库免受攻击，确保数据安全。 6. **复制与分布式架构**：阐述MySQL的复制机制，以及如何利用复制实现数据同步和扩展，构建分布式数据库系统。 7. **故障排查与恢复**：介绍在服务器故障时如何快速定位问题并进行修复，保证系统的稳定运行。 8. **最佳实践**：提供来自实际经验的最佳实践建议，帮助读者避免常见的陷阱和错误。 9. **MySQL新特性**：涵盖MySQL的新版本特性，如InnoDB的改进、分区表、存储过程等，帮助读者了解最新的技术发展。 10. **与其他技术的集成**：探讨MySQL与.NET、PHP等技术的整合，以及如何利用这些工具和平台构建高效的应用。此外，书中还将引用O'Reilly的其他相关资源，如《Managing and Using MySQL》、《MySQL Cookbook™》和《Programming PHP》，为读者提供更全面的学习路径。同时，读者还可以通过O'Reilly的在线资源，如Safari Bookshelf，获取更多的技术文档和代码示例，进一步提升自己的专业能力。

xiv

Preface

Making Your Application Reliable

The best-designed, most scalable architecture in the world is no good if it can’t sur-

vive power outages, malicious attacks, application bugs or programmer mistakes,

and other disasters.

In Chapter 11, Backup and Recovery, we discuss various backup and recovery strate-

gies for your MySQL databases. These strategies will help minimize your downtime

in the event of inevitable hardware failure and ensure that your data survives such

catastrophes.

Chapter 12, Security, provides you with a firm grasp of some of the security issues

involved in running a MySQL server. More importantly, we offer many suggestions

to allow you to prevent outside parties from harming the servers you’ve spent all this

time trying to configure and optimize. We explain some of the rarely explored areas

of database security, showing both the benefits and performance impacts of various

practices. Usually, in terms of performance, it pays to keep security policies simple.

Miscellaneous Useful Topics

In the last few chapters and the book’s appendixes, we delve into several topics that

either don’t “fit” in any of the earlier chapters or are referenced often enough in mul-

tiple chapters that they deserve a bit of special attention.

Chapter 13, MySQL Server Status shows you how to inspect your MySQL server.

Knowing how to get status information from the server is important; knowing what

that information means is even more important. We cover

SHOW INNODB STATUS in par-

ticular detail, because it provides deep insight into the operations of the InnoDB

transactional storage engine.

Chapter 14, Tools for High Performance covers tools you can use to manage MySQL

more efficiently. These include monitoring and analysis tools, tools that help you

write queries, and so on. This chapter covers the Maatkit tools Baron created, which

can enhance MySQL’s functionality and make your life as a database administrator

easier. It also demonstrates a program called innotop, which Baron wrote as an easy-

to-use interface to what your MySQL server is presently doing. It functions much like

the Unix top command and can be invaluable at all phases of the tuning process to

monitor what’s happening inside MySQL and its storage engines.

Appendix A, Transferring Large Files, shows you how to copy very large files from

place to place efficiently—a must if you are going to manage large volumes of data.

Appendix B, Using EXPLAIN, shows you how to really use and understand the all-

important

EXPLAIN command. Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL, is an intro-

duction to Sphinx, a high-performance full-text indexing system that can comple-

ment MySQL’s own abilities. And finally, Appendix D, Debugging Locks, shows you

Preface

how to decipher what’s going on when queries are requesting locks that interfere

with each other.

Software Versions and Availability

MySQL is a moving target. In the years since Jeremy wrote the outline for the first edi-

tion of this book, numerous releases of MySQL have appeared. MySQL 4.1 and 5.0

were available only as alpha versions when the first edition went to press, but these

versions have now been in production for years, and they are the backbone of many of

today’s large online applications. As we completed this second edition, MySQL 5.1

and 6.0 were the bleeding edge instead. (MySQL 5.1 is a release candidate, and 6.0 is

alpha.)

We didn’t rely on one single version of MySQL for this book. Instead, we drew on

our extensive collective knowledge of MySQL in the real world. The core of the book

is focused on MySQL 5.0, because that’s what we consider the “current” version.

Most of our examples assume you’re running some reasonably mature version of

MySQL 5.0, such as MySQL 5.0.40 or newer. We have made an effort to note fea-

tures or functionalities that may not exist in older releases or that may exist only in

the upcoming 5.1 series. However, the definitive reference for mapping features to

specific versions is the MySQL documentation itself. We expect that you’ll find your-

self visiting the annotated online documentation (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/) from

time to time as you read this book.

Another great aspect of MySQL is that it runs on all of today’s popular platforms:

Mac OS X, Windows, GNU/Linux, Solaris, FreeBSD, you name it! However, we are

biased toward GNU/Linux

and other Unix-like operating systems. Windows users

are likely to encounter some differences. For example, file paths are completely dif-

ferent. We also refer to standard Unix command-line utilities; we assume you know

the corresponding commands in Windows.

†

Perl is the other rough spot when dealing with MySQL on Windows. MySQL comes

with several useful utilities that are written in Perl, and certain chapters in this book

present example Perl scripts that form the basis of more complex tools you’ll build.

Maatkit is also written in Perl. However, Perl isn’t included with Windows. In order

to use these scripts, you’ll need to download a Windows version of Perl from

ActiveState and install the necessary add-on modules (

DBI and DBD::mysql) for

MySQL access.

* To avoid confusion, we refer to Linux when we are writing about the kernel, and GNU/Linux when we are

writing about the whole operating system infrastructure that supports applications.

† You can get Windows-compatible versions of Unix utilities at http://unxutils.sourceforge.net or http://

gnuwin32.sourceforge.net.

xviii

Preface

Acknowledgments for the Second Edition

Sphinx developer Andrew Aksyonoff wrote Appendix C, Using Sphinx with MySQL

We’d like to thank him first for his in-depth discussion.

We have received invaluable help from many people while writing this book. It’s

impossible to list everyone who gave us help—we really owe thanks to the entire

MySQL community and everyone at MySQL AB. However, here’s a list of people

who contributed directly, with apologies if we’ve missed anyone: Tobias Asplund,

Igor Babaev, Pascal Borghino, Roland Bouman, Ronald Bradford, Mark Callaghan,

Jeremy Cole, Britt Crawford and the HiveDB Project, Vasil Dimov, Harrison Fisk,

Florian Haas, Dmitri Joukovski and Zmanda (thanks for the diagram explaining

LVM snapshots), Alan Kasindorf, Sheeri Kritzer Cabral, Marko Makela, Giuseppe

Maxia, Paul McCullagh, B. Keith Murphy, Dhiren Patel, Sergey Petrunia, Alexander

Rubin, Paul Tuckfield, Heikki Tuuri, and Michael “Monty” Widenius.

A special thanks to Andy Oram and Isabel Kunkle, our editor and assistant editor at

O’Reilly, and to Rachel Wheeler, the copyeditor. Thanks also to the rest of the

O’Reilly staff.

From Baron

I would like to thank my wife Lynn Rainville and our dog Carbon. If you’ve written a

book, I’m sure you know how grateful I am to them. I also owe a huge debt of grati-

tude to Alan Rimm-Kaufman and my colleagues at the Rimm-Kaufman Group for

their support and encouragement during this project. Thanks to Peter, Vadim, and

Arjen for giving me the opportunity to make this dream come true. And thanks to

Jeremy and Derek for breaking the trail for us.

From Peter

I’ve been doing MySQL performance and scaling presentations, training, and con-

sulting for years, and I’ve always wanted to reach a wider audience, so I was very

excited when Andy Oram approached me to work on this book. I have not written a

book before, so I wasn’t prepared for how much time and effort it required. We first

started talking about updating the first edition to cover recent versions of MySQL,

but we wanted to add so much material that we ended up rewriting most of the

book.

This book is truly a team effort. Because I was very busy bootstrapping Percona,

Vadim’s and my consulting company, and because English is not my first language,

we all had different roles. I provided the outline and technical content, then I

reviewed the material, revising and extending it as we wrote. When Arjen (the former

head of the MySQL documentation team) joined the project, we began to fill out the

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