Arduino深入解析：理论与实践指南

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《Arduino Internals》是一本由Dale Wheat编著的专业书籍，版权归属2011年，旨在深入探讨Arduino平台的内部工作原理和技术细节。这本书针对的是对Arduino技术感兴趣的开发者和爱好者，它不仅涵盖了硬件设计、编程语言（通常使用C/C++）以及底层通信协议，还揭示了Arduino开发板的构造和其背后的逻辑。本书的重要知识点包括： 1. **硬件理解**：Arduino Internals详细介绍了Arduino开发板的组成，如Atmel AVR微控制器、数字输入/输出引脚、模拟输入/输出接口、以及外围扩展能力。它解释了如何将外部传感器和执行器与主板连接，以及硬件交互的基本原理。 2. **Arduino IDE**：书中深入讲解了Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)，这是用于编写和上传代码到Arduino板的主要工具。学习者可以了解到编译流程、代码上传机制以及如何配置开发环境。 3. **编程语言基础**：对于那些没有C/C++背景的读者，该书会提供必要的语言介绍，以便理解如何编写控制硬件操作的程序。这包括变量、数据类型、控制结构、函数和库的使用。 4. **中断管理**：Arduino平台依赖于中断系统来处理实时事件，如按钮按下或传感器读取。书中的内容会涉及中断服务程序(ISRs)和中断优先级管理。 5. **通信协议**：书中可能涉及串行通信（如UART）、SPI、I2C等协议，这些都是Arduino与其他设备交互的关键技术，特别是通过扩展板卡或传感器网络。 6. **底层硬件操作**：探讨了如何直接访问Arduino板的内存、寄存器和中断控制器，这对于高级用户或进行底层硬件扩展的开发者来说极其重要。 7. **安全性和稳定性**：书中也会提到如何避免常见的硬件故障，以及如何设计健壮的程序，以确保Arduino系统的可靠运行。 8. **版权和商标政策**：在书的开头，作者强调了所有内容的版权保护，并提醒读者关于商标使用的规范，以尊重知识产权。《Arduino Internals》是一本实用的教程，不仅适合初学者了解Arduino的工作原理，也适合进阶用户深入理解并优化他们的项目。通过阅读这本书，开发者可以更好地掌握Arduino平台，从而创作出更复杂、功能强大的电子作品。

About the Author

■

Dale Wheat

is a full-time freelance writer, specializing in

electronics and embedded systems. He has written several articles

for technical and hobbyist magazines such as Circuit Cellar,

O'Reilly's MAKE magazine, and Elektor. He teaches classes on

electronics, microcontrollers, and soldering skills. He designs and

sells DIY electronics kits from his website, dalewheat.com. Before

becoming a full-time writer, Dale consulted as a computer

programmer and systems analyst for several companies, including

IBM, MCI, and GTE (now Verizon). Dale is a two-term past

president of the Dallas Personal Robotics Group, the world's oldest

personal robotics club. He is a member of the National Honor

Society, Phi Theta Kappa, and intends to continue his education as

long as they keep the doors open. He lives with his wife, Anne, near

Dallas, Texas.

xvii

Acknowledgments

You see a single name on the cover of this book. That's because I did it all myself! Bwahahahaha!

Ahem. Actually, that's not entirely true. It seems I had some help. Okay, a lot of help, from a lot of

people. I didn't actually invent the Arduino, myself, per se. That was actually the Arduino Team, and

they keep inventing and re-inventing the Arduino. Thanks go to the Arduino Team for giving us

something wonderful upon which we can build to our heart's content.

Several companies and individuals contributed ideas, hardware, software, and photos to help make

this book possible. I'd like to thank Marc de Vinck for giving me my very first Arduino (a Duemilanove

with an ATmega328—woot!) as well as the ever-so-useful Maker Shield, which he designed. Marc also

inspired me to bring my very first DIY electronic kit to market. Jimmie P. Rodgers gave me the LoL (lots

of LEDs) Shield that appears in Chapter 8. Andy of Spikenzie Labs gave me the fabulous Solder : Time

watch you see in Chapter 8 as well.

I'd also like to make special mention of those kind folk that contributed many of the photographs,

including the Arduino Team, Critter & Guitari, Seeedstudio, Gravitech, SparkFun Electronics,

Fundamental Logic, Jimmie P. Rodgers, Wayne and Layne, Spikenzie Labs, and SparkFun Electronics.

The crew at Apress runs a first-class operation. I'd like to thank my editorial team for their

professionalism, courtesy, enthusiasm, and most of all patience in getting this book from concept to

reality: Corbin Collins, Frank Pohlmann, Michelle Lowman, Ralph Moore, Jim Markham, Sam Kelly,

Jordi Muñoz, and the eagle-eyed Tiffany Taylor.

I'd like to thank James Floyd Kelly for his words of wisdom and encouragement, when they were

needed the most.

On the home front, I especially want to thank my parents and my children for their enthusiasm on

behalf of this project. My wife, Anne, deserves extra special thanks for leaving me alone when I needed

that and keeping me company when I needed that.

xviii

Preface

Let's investigate the inner-workings of your Arduino. It appears to be a simple machine, but it is not.

Much effort has been invested to make it easy to learn and use. Unfortunately, these good intentions can

mask some of the Arduino's underlying capabilities. You suspected that there was more, much more,

under the simplistic veneer.

You were right.

This book is about how Arduino actually works. The Arduino is a successful composite of design

decisions that has evolved over time. By giving you a more in-depth understanding of the complex

technologies involved, you will see the Arduino "internals" as elements to be changed and re-arranged

to suit your design goals.

Intended Audience

This book is written for Arduino users of all stripes, from energetic newcomers to seasoned

professionals. You already know what an Arduino is, and you have some ideas about what it can

accomplish for you. You most likely already own one or have access to one. These are not requirements,

just guesses. Your interest in Arduino and its inner mysteries is enough.

We don't have to spend any time going over the very basics here; introductory Arduino tutorials are

everywhere. This book both covers a lot of ground in depth and hopes to follow you on your journey; it’s

not meant ot be discarded and useless after you blink your first LED.

What This Book Isn't

This book does not attempt to teach you basic electronics in any structured manner. However, because

you're an inquisitive and clever sort of person, you will probably pick up a lot of valuable electronic

basics by looking at the example projects and exercises. Much effort and technical review has been

invested to ensure the examples presented are based on sound design principles.

This is also not an introduction to programming. It is assumed that you know how to manipulate

code with an editor and follow simple instructions to accomplish specific tasks. Again, your curious

nature will let you absorb "by osmosis" some of the programming examples and styles illustrated in the

book, which strive to be clear and well-written.

In no way do any of these chapters contain all the information available on a particular subject.

Practical and useful information is presented; references to more detailed information is given. Arduino,

like any other complex system, is a moving target. As Heraclitus observed more than 2,500 years ago, you

cannot step into the same river twice. It was true then and it remains true today, especially with the

swiftly evolving Arduino.

You should know that this book is not merely a collection of technical information without a

context. The shiny polish of the Arduino, as the world see it, hides layer after layer of complex solutions

to complex design challenges. Revealing these layers in a meaningful and understandable order is what

this book is all about.

■ PREFACE

xix

Finally, this book is not just a collection of random, unrelated Arduino projects. The projects and

exercises in this book are included to illustrate and reinforce important design principles, to

incrementally build from simple to more complex designs, and finally to help you better imagine what is

possible, both with Arduino and beyond.

Chapter Overview

Have a look at the table of contents and get an idea of just how far down the rabbit hole we're going to

go. This book strives to be a balanced source of technical reference material, so each chapter should be

able to stand on its own.

It wouldn't kill you to read the chapters in the order presented. However, feel free to jump around

and sample what you like. There's more here than meets the eye. As a rule, the chapters go from the

general to the specific. If you skip around a lot and get stranded, try backing up a chapter or two to make

sure you have the proper grounding and then proceed forward again.

• Chapter 1: Hardware

We look at the available Arduino models and take a peek inside.

• Chapter 2: Software

We run into software at every level of Arduino development. Here is the overview.

• Chapter 3: Atmel AVR

The "brain" of the Arduino is a microcosm in itself. Knowing what it can and

cannot do can be the difference between success and failure in your project.

• Chapter 4: Supporting Hardware

The rest of the components play important roles, as well. Knowing what they can

do and their limits helps you build a better mousetrap.

• Chapter 5: Arduino Software

The free Arduino-provided software will get you started quickly and easily. It looks

simple but it isn't.

• Chapter 6: Optimizations

Many optimizations are possible in your sketches, and this chapter shows you

how to both implement them and verify them with precise measurement

techniques.

• Chapter 7: Hardware and Software Combined

The cooperation of hardware and software, when they cooperate at all, can

produce amazing results. A detailed tour of the built-in peripherals in the AVR

helps you do more with less code. The general purpose I/O ports, the USART

(serial port), counters. timers, PWM outputs, and analog inputs are examined in

detail, with examples. The use of interrupts helps to maximize the cooperation

between hardware and software.

• Chapter 8: Example Projects

A blinking LED? Seriously? What it takes to actually blink an LED with authority.

What it takes to make a more complex project: a digital clock.

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