揭示Arduino背后的深度：设计与技术解构

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《Wheat的Arduino Internals》是一本深入探讨Arduino工作原理的专业书籍，由Dale Wheat撰写，于2011年出版。这本书针对那些对Arduino的简单外表下隐藏的复杂技术感到好奇的读者，揭示了这款广受欢迎的微控制器平台的真实面貌。Arduino的设计决策经过时间的沉淀，变得越来越成熟，但同时也隐藏了许多高级功能和可定制性。本书的核心内容涵盖了以下几个关键知识点： 1. **Arduino概述**：介绍了Arduino的基本概念，强调其看似简单却包含深度的技术集成。它是一种易学易用的平台，旨在简化电子原型设计过程。 2. **硬件基础**：详细剖析了Arduino背后的AVR（Atmel AVR）微处理器，这是Arduino核心组件，解释了它的架构、指令集和内存布局，这对于理解编程接口至关重要。 3. **电路板设计**：书中会涉及Arduino UNO或Nano等开发板的内部结构，包括电源管理、数字和模拟输入/输出、中断系统等，帮助读者理解硬件如何与软件交互。 4. **软件环境**：阐述了Arduino IDE（Integrated Development Environment）的作用，如何编写C/C++代码，以及Sketch的编译、上传和执行流程。此外，还会介绍Arduino库及其在项目中的应用。 5. **底层编程**：深入到汇编语言层面，解析如何实现特定功能，如定时器、中断服务程序等，这对于高级用户或想要优化性能的开发者很有价值。 6. **模块化设计**：展示了如何利用Arduino的灵活性进行扩展，包括使用传感器、电机控制、无线通信等外部设备，以及自定义硬件板。 7. **设计与创新**：鼓励读者理解并重构Arduino的“内部”元素，以适应个人设计目标，从而推动创新和个性化应用。 8. **版权和许可**：强调了版权法律，确保读者在合法范围内使用材料，并提供了电子书和纸质书的ISBN号。《Arduino Internals》是一本将理论与实践相结合的指南，旨在提升读者对Arduino的深层次理解和操控能力，使其能够充分利用这一平台进行创新电子工程设计。无论是初学者还是经验丰富的开发者，都能从中获益匪浅。

About the Author

■Dale Wheat is a full-time freelance writer, specializing in

electronics and embedded systems. He has written several articles

for technical and hobbyist magazines such as Circuit Cellar,

O'Reilly's MAKE magazine, and Elektor. He teaches classes on

electronics, microcontrollers, and soldering skills. He designs and

sells DIY electronics kits from his website, dalewheat.com. Before

becoming a full-time writer, Dale consulted as a computer

programmer and systems analyst for several companies, including

IBM, MCI, and GTE (now Verizon). Dale is a two-term past

president of the Dallas Personal Robotics Group, the world's oldest

personal robotics club. He is a member of the National Honor

Society, Phi Theta Kappa, and intends to continue his education as

long as they keep the doors open. He lives with his wife, Anne, near

Dallas, Texas.

xvii

Acknowledgments

You see a single name on the cover of this book. That's because I did it all myself! Bwahahahaha!

Ahem. Actually, that's not entirely true. It seems I had some help. Okay, a lot of help, from a lot of

people. I didn't actually invent the Arduino, myself, per se. That was actually the Arduino Team, and

they keep inventing and re-inventing the Arduino. Thanks go to the Arduino Team for giving us

something wonderful upon which we can build to our heart's content.

Several companies and individuals contributed ideas, hardware, software, and photos to help make

this book possible. I'd like to thank Marc de Vinck for giving me my very first Arduino (a Duemilanove

with an ATmega328—woot!) as well as the ever-so-useful Maker Shield, which he designed. Marc also

inspired me to bring my very first DIY electronic kit to market. Jimmie P. Rodgers gave me the LoL (lots

of LEDs) Shield that appears in Chapter 8. Andy of Spikenzie Labs gave me the fabulous Solder : Time

watch you see in Chapter 8 as well.

I'd also like to make special mention of those kind folk that contributed many of the photographs,

including the Arduino Team, Critter & Guitari, Seeedstudio, Gravitech, SparkFun Electronics,

Fundamental Logic, Jimmie P. Rodgers, Wayne and Layne, Spikenzie Labs, and SparkFun Electronics.

The crew at Apress runs a first-class operation. I'd like to thank my editorial team for their

professionalism, courtesy, enthusiasm, and most of all patience in getting this book from concept to

reality: Corbin Collins, Frank Pohlmann, Michelle Lowman, Ralph Moore, Jim Markham, Sam Kelly,

Jordi Muñoz, and the eagle-eyed Tiffany Taylor.

I'd like to thank James Floyd Kelly for his words of wisdom and encouragement, when they were

needed the most.

On the home front, I especially want to thank my parents and my children for their enthusiasm on

behalf of this project. My wife, Anne, deserves extra special thanks for leaving me alone when I needed

that and keeping me company when I needed that.

xviii

Preface

Let's investigate the inner-workings of your Arduino. It appears to be a simple machine, but it is not.

Much effort has been invested to make it easy to learn and use. Unfortunately, these good intentions can

mask some of the Arduino's underlying capabilities. You suspected that there was more, much more,

under the simplistic veneer.

You were right.

This book is about how Arduino actually works. The Arduino is a successful composite of design

decisions that has evolved over time. By giving you a more in-depth understanding of the complex

technologies involved, you will see the Arduino "internals" as elements to be changed and re-arranged

to suit your design goals.

Intended Audience

This book is written for Arduino users of all stripes, from energetic newcomers to seasoned

professionals. You already know what an Arduino is, and you have some ideas about what it can

accomplish for you. You most likely already own one or have access to one. These are not requirements,

just guesses. Your interest in Arduino and its inner mysteries is enough.

We don't have to spend any time going over the very basics here; introductory Arduino tutorials are

everywhere. This book both covers a lot of ground in depth and hopes to follow you on your journey; it’s

not meant ot be discarded and useless after you blink your first LED.

What This Book Isn't

This book does not attempt to teach you basic electronics in any structured manner. However, because

you're an inquisitive and clever sort of person, you will probably pick up a lot of valuable electronic

basics by looking at the example projects and exercises. Much effort and technical review has been

invested to ensure the examples presented are based on sound design principles.

This is also not an introduction to programming. It is assumed that you know how to manipulate

code with an editor and follow simple instructions to accomplish specific tasks. Again, your curious

nature will let you absorb "by osmosis" some of the programming examples and styles illustrated in the

book, which strive to be clear and well-written.

In no way do any of these chapters contain all the information available on a particular subject.

Practical and useful information is presented; references to more detailed information is given. Arduino,

like any other complex system, is a moving target. As Heraclitus observed more than 2,500 years ago, you

cannot step into the same river twice. It was true then and it remains true today, especially with the

swiftly evolving Arduino.

You should know that this book is not merely a collection of technical information without a

context. The shiny polish of the Arduino, as the world see it, hides layer after layer of complex solutions

to complex design challenges. Revealing these layers in a meaningful and understandable order is what

this book is all about.

■ PREFACE

xix

Finally, this book is not just a collection of random, unrelated Arduino projects. The projects and

exercises in this book are included to illustrate and reinforce important design principles, to

incrementally build from simple to more complex designs, and finally to help you better imagine what is

possible, both with Arduino and beyond.

Chapter Overview

Have a look at the table of contents and get an idea of just how far down the rabbit hole we're going to

go. This book strives to be a balanced source of technical reference material, so each chapter should be

able to stand on its own.

It wouldn't kill you to read the chapters in the order presented. However, feel free to jump around

and sample what you like. There's more here than meets the eye. As a rule, the chapters go from the

general to the specific. If you skip around a lot and get stranded, try backing up a chapter or two to make

sure you have the proper grounding and then proceed forward again.

• Chapter 1: Hardware

We look at the available Arduino models and take a peek inside.

• Chapter 2: Software

We run into software at every level of Arduino development. Here is the overview.

• Chapter 3: Atmel AVR

The "brain" of the Arduino is a microcosm in itself. Knowing what it can and

cannot do can be the difference between success and failure in your project.

• Chapter 4: Supporting Hardware

The rest of the components play important roles, as well. Knowing what they can

do and their limits helps you build a better mousetrap.

• Chapter 5: Arduino Software

The free Arduino-provided software will get you started quickly and easily. It looks

simple but it isn't.

• Chapter 6: Optimizations

Many optimizations are possible in your sketches, and this chapter shows you

how to both implement them and verify them with precise measurement

techniques.

• Chapter 7: Hardware and Software Combined

The cooperation of hardware and software, when they cooperate at all, can

produce amazing results. A detailed tour of the built-in peripherals in the AVR

helps you do more with less code. The general purpose I/O ports, the USART

(serial port), counters. timers, PWM outputs, and analog inputs are examined in

detail, with examples. The use of interrupts helps to maximize the cooperation

between hardware and software.

• Chapter 8: Example Projects

A blinking LED? Seriously? What it takes to actually blink an LED with authority.

What it takes to make a more complex project: a digital clock.

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