Spring Boot 2.0 官方参考指南

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"Spring Boot参考指南2.0是官方文档，涵盖了Spring Boot的详细使用方法和特性，由多位作者共同编写，适用于2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT版本。文档内容包括Spring Boot文档介绍、获取帮助、初步入门、使用Spring Boot、学习Spring Boot特性、投入生产以及高级主题等部分，旨在帮助开发者快速理解和应用Spring Boot框架。" Spring Boot是Java生态系统中的一个流行框架，它简化了创建独立的、生产级别的基于Spring的应用程序。在"Spring Boot Reference Guide 2.0"中，我们可以找到关于这个框架的详尽信息。文档首先介绍了文档本身，包括作者团队，如Phillip Webb、Dave Syer、Josh Long等人，以及相关的版权信息。这表明文档是由Spring社区的核心成员编写的，具有权威性。接着，文档提供了获取帮助的途径，这对于初学者和遇到问题的开发者来说非常关键。这部分可能包含社区论坛、邮件列表、问题跟踪系统等资源。 "First steps"章节引导用户了解如何开始使用Spring Boot。这通常会涉及创建第一个Spring Boot项目，解释基本的项目结构，以及如何配置和启动应用程序。 "Working with Spring Boot"和"Learning about Spring Boot features"章节深入探讨了Spring Boot的核心功能，如自动配置、内嵌Servlet容器（如Tomcat或Jetty）、健康检查、Actuator监控工具、Spring Data、Web开发、安全性和数据访问等。 "Moving to production"章节则关注于将Spring Boot应用部署到生产环境，包括打包、性能优化、运行时监控以及如何设置持续集成和持续部署(CI/CD)流程。 "Advanced topics"部分可能涵盖更复杂或特定的用例，如自定义Spring Boot行为、使用不同版本的Spring框架、微服务架构、云原生应用开发等。在"Getting started"章节中，文档详细讲解了Spring Boot的入门步骤，包括系统需求（如Servlet容器的兼容性）和安装指南。对于Java开发者，提供了Maven和Gradle的安装说明，以及Spring Boot命令行接口（CLI）的安装方法，方便开发者进行快速开发和测试。 "Spring Boot Reference Guide 2.0"是学习和掌握Spring Boot不可或缺的资源，它不仅提供了全面的技术指南，还帮助开发者了解如何有效地利用Spring Boot构建高效、可扩展的应用程序。

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</repository>

</repositories>

<id>spring-snapshots</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>

</pluginRepository>

<id>spring-milestones</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>

</pluginRepository>

</pluginRepositories>

</project>

The spring-boot-starter-parent is a great way to use Spring Boot, but it might not be suitable all of the time. Sometimes

you may need to inherit from a different parent POM, or you might just not like our default settings. See Section 13.2.2, “Using

Spring Boot without the parent POM” for an alternative solution that uses an import scope.

10.1.2 Gradle installation

Spring Boot is compatible with Gradle 4. If you don’t already have Gradle installed you can follow the instructions at www.gradle.org/.

Spring Boot dependencies can be declared using the org.springframework.boot group . Typically your project will declare dependencies

to one or more “Starters”. Spring Boot provides a useful Gradle plugin that can be used to simplify dependency declarations and to create

executable jars.

Gradle Wrapper

The Gradle Wrapper provides a nice way of “obtaining” Gradle when you need to build a project. It’s a small script and library that you

commit alongside your code to bootstrap the build process. See docs.gradle.org/4.0.2/userguide/gradle_wrapper.html for details.

Here is a typical build.gradle file:

buildscript {

repositories {

jcenter()

maven { url 'http://repo.spring.io/snapshot' }

maven { url 'http://repo.spring.io/milestone' }

}

dependencies {

classpath 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-gradle-plugin:2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT'

}

apply plugin: 'java'

apply plugin: 'org.springframework.boot'

apply plugin: 'io.spring.dependency-management'

jar {

baseName = 'myproject'

version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'

}

repositories {

jcenter()

maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/snapshot" }

maven { url "http://repo.spring.io/milestone" }

}

dependencies {

compile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web")

testCompile("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test")

}

10.2 Installing the Spring Boot CLI

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The Spring Boot CLI is a command line tool that can be used if you want to quickly prototype with Spring. It allows you to run Groovy scripts,

which means that you have a familiar Java-like syntax, without so much boilerplate code.

You don’t need to use the CLI to work with Spring Boot but it’s definitely the quickest way to get a Spring application off the ground.

10.2.1 Manual installation

You can download the Spring CLI distribution from the Spring software repository:

spring-boot-cli-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT-bin.zip

spring-boot-cli-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT-bin.tar.gz

Cutting edge snapshot distributions are also available.

Once downloaded, follow the INSTALL.txt instructions from the unpacked archive. In summary: there is a spring script ( spring.bat for

Windows) in a bin/ directory in the .zip file, or alternatively you can use java -jar with the .jar file (the script helps you to be sure that

the classpath is set correctly).

10.2.2 Installation with SDKMAN!

SDKMAN! (The Software Development Kit Manager) can be used for managing multiple versions of various binary SDKs, including Groovy and

the Spring Boot CLI. Get SDKMAN! from sdkman.io and install Spring Boot with

$ sdk install springboot

$ spring --version

Spring Boot v2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT

If you are developing features for the CLI and want easy access to the version you just built, follow these extra instructions.

$ sdk install springboot dev /path/to/spring-boot/spring-boot-cli/target/spring-boot-cli-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT-bin/spring-2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT/

$ sdk default springboot dev

$ spring --version

Spring CLI v2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT

This will install a local instance of spring called the dev instance. It points at your target build location, so every time you rebuild Spring

Boot, spring will be up-to-date.

You can see it by doing this:

$ sdk ls springboot

================================================================================

Available Springboot Versions

================================================================================

> + dev

* 2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT

================================================================================

+ - local version

* - installed

> - currently in use

================================================================================

10.2.3 OSX Homebrew installation

If you are on a Mac and using Homebrew, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:

$ brew tap pivotal/tap

$ brew install springboot

Homebrew will install spring to /usr/local/bin .

If you don’t see the formula, your installation of brew might be out-of-date. Just execute brew update and try again.

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10.2.4 MacPorts installation

If you are on a Mac and using MacPorts, all you need to do to install the Spring Boot CLI is:

$ sudo port install spring-boot-cli

10.2.5 Command-line completion

Spring Boot CLI ships with scripts that provide command completion for BASH and zsh shells. You can source the script (also named

spring ) in any shell, or put it in your personal or system-wide bash completion initialization. On a Debian system the system-wide scripts are

in /shell-completion/bash and all scripts in that directory are executed when a new shell starts. To run the script manually, e.g. if you have

installed using SDKMAN!

$ . ~/.sdkman/candidates/springboot/current/shell-completion/bash/spring

$ spring <HIT TAB HERE>

grab help jar run test version

If you install Spring Boot CLI using Homebrew or MacPorts, the command-line completion scripts are automatically registered

with your shell.

10.2.6 Quick start Spring CLI example

Here’s a really simple web application that you can use to test your installation. Create a file called app.groovy :

@RestController

class ThisWillActuallyRun {

@RequestMapping("/")

String home() {

"Hello World!"

}

Then simply run it from a shell:

$ spring run app.groovy

It will take some time when you first run the application as dependencies are downloaded. Subsequent runs will be much quicker.

Open localhost:8080 in your favorite web browser and you should see the following output:

Hello World!

10.3 Upgrading from an earlier version of Spring Boot

If you are upgrading from an earlier release of Spring Boot check the “release notes” hosted on the project wiki. You’ll find upgrade instructions

along with a list of “new and noteworthy” features for each release.

To upgrade an existing CLI installation use the appropriate package manager command (for example brew upgrade ) or, if you manually

installed the CLI, follow the standard instructions remembering to update your PATH environment variable to remove any older references.

11. Developing your first Spring Boot application

Let’s develop a simple “Hello World!” web application in Java that highlights some of Spring Boot’s key features. We’ll use Maven to build this

project since most IDEs support it.

The spring.io web site contains many “Getting Started” guides that use Spring Boot. If you’re looking to solve a specific problem;

check there first.

You can shortcut the steps below by going to start.spring.io and choosing the web starter from the dependencies searcher. This

will automatically generate a new project structure so that you can start coding right away. Check the documentation for more

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details.

Before we begin, open a terminal to check that you have valid versions of Java and Maven installed.

$ java -version

java version "1.8.0_102"

Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_102-b14)

Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.102-b14, mixed mode)

$ mvn -v

Apache Maven 3.3.9 (bb52d8502b132ec0a5a3f4c09453c07478323dc5; 2015-11-10T16:41:47+00:00)

Maven home: /usr/local/Cellar/maven/3.3.9/libexec

Java version: 1.8.0_102, vendor: Oracle Corporation

This sample needs to be created in its own folder. Subsequent instructions assume that you have created a suitable folder and

that it is your “current directory”.

11.1 Creating the POM

We need to start by creating a Maven pom.xml file. The pom.xml is the recipe that will be used to build your project. Open your favorite text

editor and add the following:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"

xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">

<groupId>com.example</groupId>

<artifactId>myproject</artifactId>

<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>

<version>2.0.0.BUILD-SNAPSHOT</version>

</parent>

<id>spring-snapshots</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>

</repository>

<id>spring-milestones</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>

</repository>

</repositories>

<id>spring-snapshots</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>

</pluginRepository>

<id>spring-milestones</id>

<url>http://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>

</pluginRepository>

</pluginRepositories>

</project>

This should give you a working build, you can test it out by running mvn package (you can ignore the “jar will be empty - no content was

marked for inclusion!” warning for now).

At this point you could import the project into an IDE (most modern Java IDE’s include built-in support for Maven). For simplicity,

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we will continue to use a plain text editor for this example.

11.2 Adding classpath dependencies

Spring Boot provides a number of “Starters” that make easy to add jars to your classpath. Our sample application has already used

spring-boot-starter-parent in the parent section of the POM. The spring-boot-starter-parent is a special starter that provides

useful Maven defaults. It also provides a dependency-management section so that you can omit version tags for “blessed” dependencies.

Other “Starters” simply provide dependencies that you are likely to need when developing a specific type of application. Since we are

developing a web application, we will add a spring-boot-starter-web dependency — but before that, let’s look at what we currently have.

$ mvn dependency:tree

[INFO] com.example:myproject:jar:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

The mvn dependency:tree command prints a tree representation of your project dependencies. You can see that

spring-boot-starter-parent provides no dependencies by itself. Let’s edit our pom.xml and add the spring-boot-starter-web

dependency just below the parent section:

<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>

<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>

</dependency>

</dependencies>

If you run mvn dependency:tree again, you will see that there are now a number of additional dependencies, including the Tomcat web

server and Spring Boot itself.

11.3 Writing the code

To finish our application we need to create a single Java file. Maven will compile sources from src/main/java by default so you need to

create that folder structure, then add a file named src/main/java/Example.java :

import org.springframework.boot.*;

import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.*;

import org.springframework.stereotype.*;

import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.*;

@RestController

@EnableAutoConfiguration

public class Example {

@RequestMapping("/")

String home() {

return "Hello World!";

}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

SpringApplication.run(Example.class, args);

}

Although there isn’t much code here, quite a lot is going on. Let’s step through the important parts.

11.3.1 The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations

The first annotation on our Example class is @RestController . This is known as a stereotype annotation. It provides hints for people

reading the code, and for Spring, that the class plays a specific role. In this case, our class is a web @Controller so Spring will consider it

when handling incoming web requests.

The @RequestMapping annotation provides “routing” information. It is telling Spring that any HTTP request with the path “/” should be mapped

to the home method. The @RestController annotation tells Spring to render the resulting string directly back to the caller.

The @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations are Spring MVC annotations (they are not specific to Spring Boot).

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