z/OS DFSORT入门教程：快速上手指南

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DFSORT是IBM z/OS操作系统中的一款强大的数据排序工具，专为高效处理大量数据而设计。SC26-7527-01版本的"z/OS DFSORT：Getting Started"指南旨在帮助用户快速上手DFSORT，无论是对初学者还是经验丰富的开发者来说，都是一个宝贵的资源。首先，使用DFSORT前务必阅读文档中的"NOTICES"部分，了解相关的使用许可、免责声明以及可能存在的更新信息。该文档适用于z/OS Version 1 Release 6 (5694-A01)及后续版本，包括z/OS.e (5655-G52)。 DFSORT的核心功能是其排序能力，能够对海量数据进行快速、高效的排序操作，支持各种字段、条件和排序规则。它支持多种数据类型和分组处理，对于数据分析和报告生成至关重要。使用DFSORT时，用户可以利用它的控制流指令（如IF、SELECT、ENDIF等）实现复杂的逻辑控制，使得数据处理过程更加灵活和精准。在实际操作中，DFSORT通常与其他IBM i数据处理工具配合使用，例如REXX、COBOL或PL/I等编程语言编写脚本。它支持外部文件输入和输出，能够无缝处理大型磁带数据，这对于处理历史记录或者备份数据非常有效。此外，DFSORT还提供了性能优化选项，如使用缓冲区、内存管理、并行处理等，以提高处理速度和资源利用率。对于新手来说，文档会详细介绍命令语法、参数解释和常见问题解决方法，帮助用户快速掌握基本操作和调试技巧。最后，文档提供了读者反馈的渠道，鼓励用户提出意见和建议，以便IBM持续改进产品和服务。无论是通过邮件、电话还是在线方式，用户都可以参与这个互动过程，分享他们的经验和需求。 "z/OS DFSORT：Getting Started"是一个全面的入门指南，涵盖了DFSORT的基础概念、使用方法、高级特性以及如何获取支持，对于在z/OS环境中进行数据处理的人员来说，是不可或缺的参考资料。

2 z/OS V1R6.0 DFSORT: Getting Started

Chapter 1. What is DFSORT?

DFSORT is IBM’s high-performance sort, merge, copy, analysis, and reporting

product for z/OS.

With DFSORT, you can sort, merge, and copy data sets. You can use DFSORT to do

simple tasks such as alphabetizing a list of names, or you can use it to aid complex

tasks such as taking inventory or running a billing system. DFSORT gives you

versatile data handling capabilities at the record, field and bit level.

DFSORT on the World Wide Web

For articles, online documents, news, tips, techniques, examples, and more, visit

the DFSORT home page at URL:

http://www.ibm.com/storage/dfsort

DFSORT FTP Site

You can obtain DFSORT articles and examples by anonymous FTP to:

ftp.software.ibm.com/dfsort/mvs/

Data Sets, Records and Fields

The information you manipulate with DFSORT is contained in data sets. The term

data set refers to a file that contains one or more records. Any named group of

records is called a data set. The terms data set and file are synonymous, and are

used interchangeably in this document.

A data set contains the information that you want to sort, copy, or merge. For most

of the processing done by DFSORT, the whole data set is affected. However, some

forms of DFSORT processing involve only certain individual records in that data

set.

Data sets can be cataloged, which permits the data set to be referred to by name

without specifying where the data set is stored. A cataloged data set should not be

confused with a cataloged procedure. A cataloged procedure is a named collection

of JCL stored in a data set, and a cataloged data set is a data set whose name is

recorded by the system.

Throughout this document, the term record refers to a collection of related

information used as a unit, such as one item in a data base or personnel data

about one member of a department. The term field refers to a specific portion of a

record used for a particular category of data, such as an employee’s name or

department.

DFSORT can sort, copy or merge fixed-length or variable-length records. The type

and length of a data set is defined by its record format (RECFM) and logical record

length (LRECL). Fixed-length data sets have a RECFM of F, FB, FBS, and so on.

Variable-length data sets have a RECFM of V, VB, VBS, and so on. For simplicity in

this document, the terms ″FB data set″ and ″FB records″ are used as short-hand for

fixed-length data sets and records, respectively, and the terms ″VB data set″ and

″VB records″ are used as short-hand for variable-length record data sets and

variable-length records, respectively.

A data set with RECFM=FB and LRECL=25 is a fixed-length (FB) data set with a

record length of 25-bytes (the B is for blocked). For an FB data set, the LRECL tells

you the length of each record in the data set; all of the records are the same length.

The first data byte of an FB record is in position 1. A record in an FB data set with

LRECL=25 might look like this:

Positions 1-3: Country Code = ’USA’

Positions 4-5: State Code = ’CA’

Positions 6-25: City = ’San Jose’ padded with 12 blanks on the right

A data set with RECFM=VB and LRECL=25 is a variable-length (VB) data set with

a maximum record length of 25-bytes. For a VB data set, different records can have

different lengths. The first four bytes of each record contain the Record Descriptor

Word or RDW, and the first two bytes of the RDW contain the length of that

record (in binary). The first data byte of a VB record is in position 5, after the

4-byte RDW in positions 1-4. A record in a VB data set with LRECL=25 might look

like this:

Positions 1-2: Length in RDW = hex 000E = decimal 14

Positions 3-4: Zeros in RDW = hex 0000 = decimal 0

Positions 5-7: Country Code = ’USA’

Positions 8-9: State Code = ’CA’

Positions 10-17: City = ’San Jose’

Unless otherwise noted, the examples in this document process FB data sets, which

are easier to work with and describe. However, special considerations for

processing VB data sets are discussed throughout this document whenever

appropriate.

Sorting Data Sets

You can use DFSORT to rearrange the records in your data sets. Sorting is

arranging records in either ascending or descending order within a file. Table 2

shows a sample data set of names, first sorted in ascending order, then in

descending order.

Table 2. DFSORT Arranges Information in Ascending and Descending Order

Unsorted

Data Set

Sorted

Ascending

Sorted

Descending

Andy

Edward

Carol

Dan

Betty

Andy

Betty

Carol

Dan

Edward

Dan

Carol

Betty

Andy

You can sort data in many different formats. Table 3 shows the most commonly

used DFSORT data formats and the format identifiers you use to specify them.

What is DFSORT?

4 z/OS V1R6.0 DFSORT: Getting Started

Table 3. Commonly Used Data Formats

Data Format Format Identifier

EBCDIC (Character)

Binary (Unsigned Numeric)

Fixed-point (Signed Numeric)

Zoned Decimal (Signed Numeric)

Packed Decimal (Signed Numeric)

Floating Sign (Signed Numeric)

Free Form (Unsigned Numeric)

Free Form (Signed Numeric)

UFF

SFF

Refer to z/OS DFSORT Application Programming Guide for complete details of the

available formats.

Merging Data Sets

You can also use DFSORT to merge data sets. DFSORT merges data sets by

combining two or more files of sorted records to form a single data set of sorted

records.

Table 4. DFSORT Merges Two Data Sets into One Data Set

Data Set 1 Data Set 2 Merged Data Set

Andy

Betty

Carol

Dan

Edward

Amy

Chris

Sue

Amy

Andy

Betty

Carol

Chris

Dan

Edward

Sue

The data sets you merge must be previously sorted into the same order (ascending

or descending).

Copying Data Sets

DFSORT can also copy data sets without any sorting or merging taking place. You

copy data sets in much the same way that you sort or merge them.

What Else Can You Do with DFSORT?

While sorting, merging, or copying data sets, you can also perform other tasks

such as the following:

v Select a subset of records from an input data set. You can include or omit

records that meet specified criteria. For example, when sorting an input data set

containing records of course documents from many different school

departments, you can sort the documents for only one department.

v Reformat records in a variety of ways. You can build your records one item at a

time, only overlay specific columns, or reformat different records in different

ways. You can edit, change, add or delete fields. You can also insert blanks,

zeros, strings, current date, current time, sequence numbers, decimal constants,

and the results of arithmetic instructions before, between, and after input fields.

For example, you can create an output data set that contains character strings

and only certain edited fields from the input data set, arranged differently.

What is DFSORT?

Chapter 1. What is DFSORT? 5

v Sum the values in selected records while sorting or merging (but not while

copying). In the example of a data set containing records of course books, you

can use DFSORT to add up the dollar amounts of books for one school

department.

v Create multiple output data sets and simple or complex reports from a single

pass over an input data set. For example, you can create a different output data

set for the records of each department.

v Convert VB data sets to FB data sets, or convert FB data sets to VB data sets.

v Sample or repeat records.

v Sort, merge, include or omit records according to the collating rules defined in a

selected locale.

v Alter the collating sequence when sorting or merging records (but not while

copying). For example, you can have the lowercase letters collate after the

uppercase letters.

v Sort, merge, or copy Japanese data if the IBM Double Byte Character Set

Ordering Support (DBCS Ordering) (5665-360 Licensed Program, Release 2.0 or

an equivalent product) is used with DFSORT to process the records.

Creating and Running DFSORT Jobs

Processing data sets with DFSORT involves two steps:

1. Creating a DFSORT job

2. Running a DFSORT job

You

can run a DFSORT job by invoking processing in a number of ways:

v With a JCL EXEC statement, using the name of the program or the name of the

cataloged procedure

v With interactive panels supported under ISPF and ISMF

v Within programs written in COBOL, PL/I, or basic Assembler language

this document, the phrases directly or JCL-invoked mean that the DFSORT

program is initiated by a JCL EXEC statement with PGM=SORT or

PGM=ICEMAN. The phrases called by a program or dynamically invoked mean that

the DFSORT program is initiated from another program.

Writing Jobs

You can use DFSORT by writing JCL and DFSORT control statements no matter

how your site has installed DFSORT. Part 1 contains instructions on writing JCL

and DFSORT program control statements.

Unless you use DFSORT Panels to prepare and submit your job, you must prepare

JCL statements and DFSORT program control statements to invoke DFSORT

processing. JCL statements are processed by your operating system. They describe

your data sets to the operating system, and initiate DFSORT processing. DFSORT

program control statements are processed by DFSORT. They describe and initiate

the processing you want to do.

Summary of DFSORT Control Statements

The functions of the most important DFSORT control statements can be

summarized briefly as follows:

SORT Describes the fields for a sort application, or requests a copy

application.

What is DFSORT?

6 z/OS V1R6.0 DFSORT: Getting Started

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