多媒体指纹法：叛徒追踪技术与应用

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"Multimedia Fingerprinting Forensics for Traitor Tracing" 是一本深入探讨多媒体指纹技术在追踪和识别合谋者方面的书籍。作者包括K.J.Ray Liu、Wade Trappe、Z.Jane Wang、Min Wu和Hong Zhao，出版于EURASIP Book Series on Signal Processing and Communications系列。本书主要关注的是多媒体数据嵌入的稳健性、指纹设计方法以及针对合谋攻击的抵抗力。首先，书中介绍了多媒体指纹系统的基础——稳健数据嵌入技术。这一部分会讲解如何在保持多媒体内容质量的同时，安全地嵌入不可见的标识信息。接着，书中详细阐述了两种主要的指纹策略：正交指纹和相关指纹。正交指纹是独立设计的，而相关指纹则涉及到编码调制，通过特定的代码设计来创建指纹。作者提供了一个统一的视角，涵盖了从正交指纹到编码指纹和其他相关指纹的多种设计方法。在讨论完指纹设计方法后，书中探讨了指纹技术的两个实际应用。第一个应用是将多媒体取证技术应用于网络环境，特别是将其整合到核心的多播功能中，以实现适用于流媒体内容分发的数字版权管理（DRM）解决方案。第二个应用则是对一种以前未受多媒体安全保护的多媒体内容——数字曲线和地图进行保护。这部分将利用数字曲线的独特性质来开发针对性的指纹解决方案。这本书是多媒体信号处理领域的重要参考资料，它揭示了如何利用指纹技术对抗合谋攻击，保护内容的版权，并在不断发展的数字环境中确保内容的安全分发。对于研究多媒体安全、数字版权管理以及信号处理的专家和学生来说，这是一本极具价值的读物。

Preliminaries on data embedding

This chapter reviews the basics of robust data embedding. After a brief overview

on digital watermarking and data embedding technologies, we steer our a ttention

to a popular class of robust embedding techniques known as the spread-spectrum

embedding. The detailed formulation on the embedding and detection aspects of

the spread-spectrum technique establishes a foundation to unveil our technical

discussions on multimedia ﬁngerprinting in the subsequent chapters.

2.1. Content protection via digital watermarking

Multimedia content has both commercial and personal value that must be pro-

tected before one can share his/her work, or businesses can be founded to distrib-

ute and add value to their creations. Prior to digital multimedia content being put

onto the network for delivery, the data can be modiﬁed to help protect the intellec-

tual property of the content’s creators and service providers. Encryption and data

embedding are two complementary techniques for protecting multimedia content

that have diﬀerent goals. The primary goal behind encryption is conﬁdentiality

[29, 30, 31], that is, to provide access control so that only authorized users with

the correct decryption keys can access the content. The protection provided by

encryption terminates after decryption. Complementing this functionality, data

embedding or digital watermarking associates a set of secondary data with the

host media in a seamless way [17, 18]. The term “digital watermark” comes from

an analogy to its analog counterpart: as an art of paper making, paper watermarks

usually indicate the origin and the ownership, and/or establish the integrity and

prevent counterfeiting. Similarly, digital watermarking has been considered in s ev-

eral real-world applications related to multimedia content protection and security.

These include copy prevention for DVD and digital music, the assertion of owner-

ship, the ﬁngerprinting and tracing of content recipients, and the authentication

of the content. While the protection provided by watermarks is usually passive, the

embedded watermarks can travel with the host media and assume their protection

function even after decryption. This capability of associating additional data with

A print edition of this book can be purchased at

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8 Preliminaries on data embedding

the digital multimedia content in a seamless way is so unique that few conventional

protection tools for generic data, such as cryptographic encryption, can oﬀer it.

Digital watermarking technologies, or more generally, the data embedding

technologies, can be applied for a number of applications, each of w hich has its

own design requirements in terms of the imperceptibility, the robustness, and the

embedding payload measured in terms of how many bits are embedded. As the

embedding process more or less changes the original multimedia signal (known as

the host signal), it is important in a number of applications to conﬁne the changes

to below the perceivable levels of human in order to preserve the commercial and

aesthetic values of the host multimedia signal. In the following, we brieﬂy review

a few major applications and approaches of data embedding for multimedia.

2.1.1. Major applications and design requirements

Ownership protection. In this application, a watermark signal is secretly selected

by the copyright holder to represent his/her ownership, and is imperceptibly em-

bedded in the multimedia source. As pirates are highly motivated to remove the

sist intentional attacks so that the owner can demonstrate the presence of this wa-

termark in case of dispute to verify his/her ownership. The detection should have

as little ambiguity and false alarm as possible. In most scenarios, the total number

of bits that can be embedded and extrac ted reliably does not have to be high.

Authentication or tampering detection. In this application, we embed a set of sec-

ondary data in the multimedia source beforehand, and later use it to determine

whether the host media is tampered or not. The robustness against removing the

watermark or making it undetectable is not a major concern as this clearly sig-

nals the occurrence of tampering and there is no strong incentive to do so from

an attacker’s point of view. The main threat is the forging of a valid authentica-

tion watermark in an u nauthorized or tampered multimedia signal, which must

be prevented. In many practical applications, it is also desirable to locate the tam-

pered regions and distinguish some noncontent changes (such as those incurred

by moderate lossy compression) from other changes (such as content tampering).

In general, the embedding payload should be suﬃciently high to accommodate

these needs. The detection must be performed without using the original unwa-

termarked copy, because either this original is unavailable or its integrity has not

been established yet. This kind of detection is known as noncoherent detection or

blind detection.

Digital ﬁngerprinting. As we have explained in the introductory chapter, a water-

mark in this application serves as a ﬁngerprint to help trace the originator or recip-

ients of a particular copy of multimedia content. The robustness against removal

and the ability to convey a nontrivial number of bits are necessary requirements. In

addition, digital ﬁngerprinting techniques should also be robust against collusion

when users having access to the same host image embedded with diﬀerent ﬁnger-

print IDs get together and try to remove the ﬁngerprints through such operations

A print edition of this book can be purchased at

http://www.hindawi.com/spc.4.html

http://www.amazon.com/dp/9775945186

Content protection via digital watermarking 9

as averaging. To assure the reliable tracing of true traitors and avoid framing in-

nocents, we must carefully design how to construct, embed, and detect ﬁngerprint

signals. This suggests that there are more considerations than those that the robust

embedding technologies oﬀered in the existing digital watermarking literature. We

will devote our a ttention to these issues in the rest of this book.

Copy control and access control. The embedded watermark in this application rep-

resents certain copy control or access control policy. A watermark detector is of-

ten integrated in a recording or playback system. Upon detection, the policy is

enforced by directing certain hardware or software actions such as enabling or

disabling a recording module. The robustness against removal, the ability of blind

detection, and the capability of conveying a nontrivial number of bits are required.

Two examples from the past standardization eﬀorts are the DVD copy control [32]

and the Secure Digital Music Initiatives (SDMI) a ctivities [9].

Annotation. The embedded watermark in this application is expected to convey

as many bits as possible without the use of original unmarked copy in detection.

While the robustness against intentional attack is not required, many scenarios

may prefer a certain degree of robustness against common processing such as lossy

compression. More generally, data embedding is a tool to convey side information

while retaining the original appearance. This property has been found useful in

multimedia communications [33, 34, 35] to achieve additional functionalities, or

improve security and performance.

2.1.2. Basic embedding approaches

A typical data hiding framework is illustrated in Figure 2.1. Starting with an orig-

inal digital media ( I

), which is also known as the host media or cover work, the

embedding module inserts in it a set of secondary data (b

), which is referred to

as embedded data or watermark, to obtain the marked media (I

). The insertion

or embedding is done such that I

is perceptually identical to I

.Thediﬀerence

between I

and I

is the distortion introduced by the embedding process. In most

cases, the embedded data is a collection of bits, which may come from an encoded

character string, from a pattern, or from some executable agents, depending on

the application.

The embedded data b

will be extracted from the marked media I

by a de-

tector, often after I

has gone through various processing and attacks. The input

to the detector is referred to as test media (I

), and the extracted data from I

denoted by



b.Thediﬀerence between I

and I

is called noise. In such applications

as ownership protection, ﬁngerprinting, and access control, accurate decoding of

hidden data from distorted test media is preferred. In other applications such as

authentication and annotation, robustness is not critical.

The embedding of one bit in host media is basic to every data hiding system.

Almost all embedding approaches belong to one of two general types. Below we

examine them in more detail.

A print edition of this book can be purchased at

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Robust additive spread-spectrum embedding 11

subset that maps to b, so that the relationship of b

= g(I

) is deterministically en-

forced. To minimize perceptual distortion, I

should be as close to I

as possible.

A simple example is odd-e ven embedding, whereby a closest even number is used

as I

to embed a “0” and a closest odd number is used to embed a “1.” The em-

bedded bit is extracted simply by checking the odd-even parity, w hich does not

require the knowledge of original I

. There can be other constraints imposed on

for robustness considerations. For example, the enforcement can be done in a

quantized domain with a step size Q [18, 37]. The odd-even enforcement can also

be extended to higher dimensions involving features computed from a set of host

components.

Under blind detection where the host signal is not available at the detector

and becomes a major source of noise for Type-I embedding, the number of bits

that can be reliably embedded by Type-II is much higher than that of Type-I

when the noise is not strong [18, 38, 39]. On the other hand, Type-I is com-

monly used for robust embedding with strong noise (especially when noise be-

comes much stronger than the watermark) as well as for nonblind detection. Mo-

tivated by Costa’s information-theoretical result [40], distortion compensation

has been proposed to be incorporated into quantization-based enforcement em-

bedding [39, 41, 42], where the enforcement is combined linearly with the host

signal to form a watermarked signal. The optimal scaling factor is a func tion of

WNR and will increase the number of bits that can be embedded. This distortion-

compensated embedding can be viewed a s a combination of Type-I and Type-II

embedding.

2.2. Robust additive spread-spectrum embedding

With a big picture in mind, we now zoom in to the problem of robust embedding,

which serves as an important building block for embedding ﬁngerprints into the

multimedia content.

Fingerprinting multimedia requires the use of robust data embedding meth-

ods that are capable of withstanding attacks that adversaries might employ to re-

move the ﬁngerprint. Although there are many techniques that have been pro-

posed for embedding information in multimedia signals [17], in the sequel we

will use the spread-spectrum additive embedding technique for illustrating the

embedding of ﬁngerprint signals into multimedia. Spread-spectr um embedding

has proven robust against a number of signal processing operations (such as lossy

compression and ﬁltering) and attacks [23, 24]. With appropriately chosen fea-

tures and additional alignment procedures, the spread-spectrum watermark can

survive moderate geomet ric distortions, such as rotation, scale, shift, and cropping

[43, 44]. Further, information-theoretic studies suggest that it is nearly capacity

optimal when the original host s ignal is available in detection [38, 39]. The combi-

nation of robustness and c apacity makes spread-spectrum embedding a promising

technique for protecting multimedia. In addition, as we will see in later chapters,

its capability of putting multiple marks in overlapped regions also limits the eﬀec-

tive strategies mountable by colluders in ﬁngerprinting applications.

A print edition of this book can be purchased at

http://www.hindawi.com/spc.4.html

http://www.amazon.com/dp/9775945186

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