权威ANTLR指南：解析与自定义语言开发秘籍

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《The Definitive ANTLR Reference》是一本权威指南，深入解析ANTLR（AN extensible tool for language recognition）这款强大的解析器生成器。ANTLR在近年来凭借其稳定性与实用性，已经确立了其在语言设计和文本处理领域的核心地位。本书旨在帮助读者充分利用ANTLR的强大功能，无论你是经验丰富的开发者，还是正在寻找定制化语言开发能力提升途径的初学者。作者们对此书的评价高度赞扬。马丁·福勒，ThoughtWorks的首席科学家，认为这本书是每个需要解析或转换文本的开发者书架上的必备之作。他指出ANTLR不再仅限于语言设计师，而是成为了一种普遍适用的工具。创始人Bob McWhirter，JBoss Rules Project（Drools）的创立者，强调了开发者职业生涯中的成长路径，从精通单一编程语言到掌握多种语言，再到根据任务需求定制语言。他提到，《The Definitive ANTLR Reference》揭示了开发自己的领域专用语言并不需要博士学历，而这样做在很多情况下是非常值得的。这表明本书对于那些希望进一步提升技能，扩展职业领域边界的专业人士具有重要的启发价值。 Neal Gafter，一位前Sun Microsystems的Java Evangelist和编译器专家，对本书给予了极高的评价，认为它是迈向个人职业生涯新阶段的重要一步。他肯定了这本书在指导如何利用ANTLR进行语言设计和定制方面的重要性。《The Definitive ANTLR Reference》是一本深度解读ANTLR技术、引导读者掌握语言解析和自定义语言设计的实用手册，无论你是语言开发者、工具使用者，还是寻求创新解决方案的工程师，都将从中受益匪浅。通过阅读这本书，你可以了解到如何利用ANTLR创建高效、灵活的语言处理系统，从而推动你的项目和技术发展。

WHY A COMPLETELY NEW VERSION OF ANTLR? 16

You generate and recognize sentences by walking th eir implicit tree

structure, from the most abstract concept at the root to the vocabulary

symbols at the leaves. Each subtree represents a phrase of a sentence

and maps dir ect l y to a rule in your grammar. ANTLR’s grammars and

resulting top-down recursive-descent recognizers thus feel very nat-

ural. ANTLR’s fundamental approach dovetails your innat e language

process.

Why a Complete l y New Version of ANTL R?

For the past four years, I have been working feverishly to design and

build ANTLR v3, the subject of this book. ANTLR v3 is a completely

rewri tten version and represents the culmination of twenty year s of

language research. Most ANTLR users will instantly ﬁnd it familiar,

but many of the details are different. ANTLR retains its strong mojo

in this new version while correcting a n umber of deﬁciencies, quirks,

and weaknesses of ANTLR v2 (I felt free to break backward compatibil-

ity in order to achieve this). Speciﬁcally, I didn’t like the following about

v2:

• The v2 lexers were very slow albeit powerful.

• There were no unit tests for v2.

• The v2 code base was i mpenetrable. The code was never refactored

to clean it up, partially for fear of breaking it without unit tests.

• The l i near approximate LL(k) parsing strategy was a bit weak.

• Building a new language target duplicated vast swaths of logic and

print statements.

• The AST construction mechanism was too informal.

• A number of common tasks were not easy (such as obtaining the

text matched by a parser rule).

• It lacked the semantic predicates hoisting of ANTLR v1 ( PCCTS).

• The v2 license/contributor trail was loose and made big compa-

nies afraid to use it.

ANTLR v3 is my answer to the issues in v2. ANTLR v3 has a very clean

and well-organized code base with lots of unit tests. ANTLR generates

extremely powerful LL(*) recognizers that are fast and easy to read.

8. See http://www.antlr.org/blog/antlr3/antlr2.bashing.tml for notes on what people did not like

about v2. ANTLR v2 also suffered because it was designed and built while I was under

the workload and stress of a new start-up (jGuru.com).

WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR? 18

Who Is This Book For ?

The primary audience for this book is the practicing software developer,

though it is suitable for junior and senior computer science under-

graduates. This book is speciﬁcally targeted at any programmer inter-

ested in learning to use ANTLR to build interpreters and translators for

domain-speciﬁc languages. Beginners and experts alike will need this

book to use ANTLR v3 effectively. For the most part, the level of discus-

sion is accessible to the average programmer. Portions of Part III, how-

ever, require some language experience to fully appreciate. Although

the examples in this book are written in Java, their substance applies

equally well to the other language targets such as C, C++, Objective-C,

Python, C#, and so on. Readers should know Java to get the most out

of the book.

What’s in This Book?

This book is the best, most complete source of information on ANTLR

v3 th at you’ll ﬁnd anywhere. The free, online documentation provides

enough to learn the basic grammar syntax and semanti cs but doesn’t

explain ANTLR concepts in detail. This book helps you g et the most

out of ANTLR and is required reading to become an advanced user.

In particular, Part III provides the only thorough explanation available

anywhere of ANTLR’s LL(*) parsing strategy.

This book is organized as follows. Part I introduces ANTLR, describes

how the nature of computer languages dictates the nature of language

recognizers, and provides a complete calculator example. Part II is the

main reference section and provides all the details you’ll need to build

large and complex grammars and translators. Part III treks through

ANTLR’s predicated-LL(*) parsing strategy and explains the grammar

analysis errors you might encounter. Predicated-LL(*) is a totally new

parsing strategy, and Part III is essentially the only written documen-

tation you’ll ﬁnd for it. You’ll need to be familiar with the contents in

order to build complicated translators.

Readers who are totally new to grammars and language tools should

follow the chapter sequence in Part I as is. Chapter

1, Getting Started

with ANTLR, on page 21 wil l familiarize you with ANTLR’s basic idea;

Chapter

2, The Nature of Computer Languages, on page 34 gets you

ready to study grammars more formally in Part II; and Chapter

3, A

Quick Tour for the Impatient, on page 59 g i ves your brain something

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