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" Absolute BSD - The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD 是一本关于BSD操作系统的经典书籍，主要聚焦于FreeBSD系统。这本书深入浅出地介绍了FreeBSD的历史、发展、社区以及与其他BSD变体和UNIX、Linux等系统的比较。书中还涵盖了FreeBSD的优势，如可移植性、性能、简化软件管理和优化升级流程，并提供了安装FreeBSD的详细指导，包括硬件要求和下载安装步骤。" 在《Absolute BSD - The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD》中，作者首先定义了什么是FreeBSD，并简述了其发展历程。FreeBSD源于BSD（Berkeley Software Distribution），一个基于UNIX的操作系统，其源代码开放，这导致了后来的BSD分支，例如NetBSD、OpenBSD和BSD/OS。此外，书中提到苹果公司的Mac OS X也部分基于BSD技术。书中特别强调了FreeBSD与其他UNIX变体如Solaris、AIX，以及Linux之间的关系。 FreeBSD的强项在于它的可移植性，意味着它可以运行在多种硬件平台上。其强大的性能、简化后的软件管理机制和优化的升级过程是用户选择FreeBSD的重要原因。书中提到，FreeBSD适合那些需要高性能服务器、开发者或寻求稳定操作环境的用户。然而，对于桌面用户或特定应用需求的用户，可能会选择其他BSD变种或专有操作系统。安装章节详细讲述了如何准备FreeBSD的硬件环境，包括处理器、内存和硬盘的要求。书中还提供了通过FTP下载FreeBSD安装镜像的指南，以及具体的硬件设置和实际安装过程的步骤。这部分内容对初次接触FreeBSD的读者尤其有价值，因为他们可以通过这些指导完成系统的安装。《Absolute BSD - The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD》是学习和理解FreeBSD操作系统的宝贵资源，无论你是打算将FreeBSD用作服务器还是个人计算机，这本书都能提供全面且实用的知识。

Absolute BSD—The Ultimate Guide to FreeBSD

Michael Lucas

NO STARCH PRESS San Francisco

Copyright © 2002 Michael Lucas

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage

or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10–05 04 03 02

No Starch Press and the No Starch Press logo are registered trademarks of No Starch Press, Inc.

Other product and company names mentioned herein may be the trademarks of their respective

owners. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we are

using the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no

intention of infringement of the trademark.

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For information on translations or book distributors outside the United States, please contact No

Starch Press, Inc. directly:

No Starch Press, Inc.

555 De Haro Street, Suite 250, San Francisco, CA 94107

phone: 415−863−9900; fax: 415−863−9950; info@nostarch.com; http://www.nostarch.com/

The information in this book is distributed on an "As Is" basis, without warranty. While every

precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author nor No Starch Press,

Inc. shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or

alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in it.

Library of Congress Cataloguing−in−Publication Data

Lucas, Michael, 1967−

Absolute BSD : the ultimate guide to FreeBSD / Michael Lucas.

p. cm.

1

Foreword

Twenty five years. My god, has it really been that long? In 1976, the first BSD release was produced

by U.C. Berkeley's CSRG, it and subsequent releases of BSD having either spawned or

substantially influenced every Unix operating system to come after, including Linux and AT&T's

System V, through a commitment to innovation and to adding all the "missing pieces" that Unix was

lacking. Features like Virtual Memory, TCP/IP networking, job control, and even the venerable vi

screen editor (before which there was simply ed(1)) all came out of BSD. Not just operating

systems, but a number of POSIX and X/Open standards also owe their existence to it—an

influential "little project" indeed!

We started FreeBSD in 1992, a project that you'll read quite a bit about in this book, as a means of

carrying this work forward after the CSRG was disbanded and it looked like the BSD project, for all

its history and promise, might be coming to an end. This was not a state of affairs that BSD's many

fans were willing to settle for, and I'm happy to say that they rallied magnificently to the cause.

Far from being the end of BSD, the last 10 years have seen an almost explosive amount growth in

the BSD community, with FreeBSD operating systems powering some of the most significant

companies and sites on the Internet, setting new bandwidth and "uptime"; records and making the

acronym BSD almost synonymous with high performance, security, and reliability for those in the

Internet service industry.

FreeBSD's success has also hardly been limited to servers. With Apple's adoption of FreeBSD as a

key open−source technology for its Mac OS X operating system, it has since been introduced to a

whole new generation of enthusiastic users, many of whom would never have considered

themselves Unix users before but are now enjoying the benefits of a powerful operating system

combined with Apple's legendary user interface technology and a world−class suite of applications.

Even the most jaded Unix experts have been impressed at what BSD has grown into, and I suspect

that, at this point, it has surpassed even the wildest dreams of its creators.

Whether you're a Unix expert or someone who has never touched Unix before, you'll find this book

to be an excellent introduction to the unique and impressive world that is BSD. If you enjoy it even

half as much as I have, you're in for a great time!

Jordan Hubbard

Co−Founder, The FreeBSD Project

4

Introduction

Welcome to Absolute BSD! This book is a one−stop shop for new UNIX administrators who want to

build, configure, and manage dedicated FreeBSD servers. It will also be useful for those folks who

want to run FreeBSD on their desktop or combined desktop/server systems.

By the time you finish this book, you should be able to use FreeBSD to provide network services.

You should also understand how to manage, patch, and maintain your FreeBSD systems, and have

a basic understanding of networking, system security, and software management. We will discuss

FreeBSD version 4, which is the version recommended for production use as this book is being

released. Most of this book will be applicable to earlier and later versions, as well. Much of this book

is also applicable to NetBSD and OpenBSD.

What Is FreeBSD?

FreeBSD is a UNIX−like operating system,

[1]

available freely over the Internet, that is used

extensively in the ISP (Internet service provider) world, embedded devices, and anywhere reliability

is paramount. It's based directly on the original UNIX produced by AT&T in the 1970s.

Many years ago AT&T needed a lot of computer software to run their business. They were not

allowed to compete in the computer business, however. As a result, they licensed various pieces of

software, and the source code for it, to universities at low, low prices. University students with

access to this nifty technology could read the source code to learn how it worked. In return, AT&T

got free exposure, some pocket change, and a generation of computer scientists who cut their teeth

on their equipment. Everyone was happy. The best−known software distributed under this licensing

plan was UNIX.

[1]

Why UNIX−like? Well, the word UNIX is a trademark that belongs to The Open Group. For an

operating system to be certified "UNIX," someone must pay The Open Group large chunks of

money. Since FreeBSD is developed in a not−for− profit manner, this isn't likely.

How Did FreeBSD Get Here?

Compared with modern operating systems, the original UNIX wasn't very good. But, since so many

students had the source code for UNIX, and so many teachers needed projects for their students,

UNIX was quickly improved by their efforts. Gradually, useful commands were built. The ability to

control running programs (also known as job control) was added. A filesystem appeared that

supported features we take for granted now. Over many years, entire chunks of the original UNIX

operating system were extracted and replaced.

The various universities that worked on UNIX shared their improvements and enhancements, with

the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) at the University of California, Berkeley, acting as

a central clearinghouse for UNIX code improvements. The CSRG distributed this code for free to

anyone with a valid AT&T UNIX license.

The resulting collection of patches for UNIX came to be known as the Berkeley Software

Distribution, or BSD UNIX. (It didn't hurt Berkeley's status any that the Defense Advanced Research

Projects Agency (DARPA) contributed funding to the CSRG to implement TCP/IP in UNIX.)

This development process continued for a long, long time. In fact, if you look at the copyright

statement on FreeBSD, you'll see this:

5

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