OFDR磁致伸缩分布式光纤电流传感器：新型技术解析

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"这篇研究论文探讨了一种基于磁致伸缩效应的分布式光纤电流传感器，该传感器利用光频域反射计（OFDR）中的瑞利背向散射光谱（RBS）频移来实现电流测量。" 在OFDR（光学频域反射计）技术中，磁致伸缩是一种关键的物理现象，它涉及到某些材料在磁场作用下尺寸的变化。在本文提出的分布式光纤电流传感器中，这种效应被巧妙地利用，以监测电力线中的电流变化。具体来说，使用了Fe-Co-V合金薄片作为磁致伸缩传感材料，这些材料被粘附在63米的标准单模光纤（SMF）上。当电流通过电力线时，产生的磁场变化会使得Fe-Co-V薄膜产生应变，这种应变随后会被耦合到光纤上。 RBS（瑞利背向散射光谱）是光纤中的一种常见光学特性，当光脉冲沿光纤传播并反射回来时，其频率会因应变或温度变化而发生微小的偏移。通过精确测量这种频移，可以确定与之相关的磁场变化，进而推算出电力线中的电流变化。由于磁场变化与电流变化成正比，因此可以通过监测RBS频移来实时测量电流。实验结果显示，该传感器能够测量电流范围从0到11.8A以及0到12.14A的两个不同位置，实现了分布式电流追踪。传感器表现出线性的RBS频移与电流变化之间的关系，这意味着其具有良好的线性度。在14厘米的传感空间分辨率下，最小可测量的电流变化仅为0.3A，显示出高灵敏度和精确度。关键词：电流、磁致伸缩、光纤传感器、光频域反射计、瑞利背向散射、分布式测量。该研究对电力系统的监控、故障检测以及智能电网的发展具有重要意义，因为它提供了非侵入式、分布式和高精度的电流测量方法。

IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 27, NO. 19, OCTOBER 1, 2015 2055

Distributed Optical Fiber Current Sensor Based

on Magnetostriction in OFDR

Zhenyang Ding, Yang Du, Tiegen Liu, Kun Liu, Bowen Feng, and Junfeng Jiang

Abstract—We present a distributed optical ﬁber current

sensor based on magnetostriction using Rayleigh backscatter-

ing spectra (RBS) spectral shift in optical frequency-domain

reﬂectometry. In the proposed sensor, the magnetostrictive

Fe–Co–V alloy thin ﬁlms as sensing materials are attached

to a 63-m standard single-mode ﬁber (SMF). We detect the

strain variation coupled to the SMF caused by the magnetic

ﬁeld variation by measuring the RBS shift. As the magnetic

ﬁeld variation is proportional to the current variation in the

electric line, the current can be measured. In our experiment,

we measure the current range from 0 to 11.8 A and 0 to 12.14 A

at two locations using proposed method and obtain distributed

current trace. We achieve the linear relationship between the

RBS shift and the current variation. The minimal measurable

current variation is 0.3 A when the sensing spatial resolution

is 14 cm.

Index Terms—Current, optical ﬁbers, Rayleigh scattering,

frequency domain analysis, reﬂectometry.

I. INTRODUCTION

IBER optic current sensors have attracted a lot of interest

for researchers these years, thanks to their many

advantages such as immunity to electromagnetic interference,

lightweight, small size, high sensitivity, wide bandwidth,

compactness and ease in signal light transmission, ﬁber optic

current sensors are suitable to the applications for power

system or industrial control area when compared with the

traditional current sensors [1]–[4]. According to this mech-

anism, the ﬁber optic current sensors may be divided into

several categories. The ﬁrst widely used method is based on

Faraday effect [5]–[7], as silica ﬁbers have a very small Verdet

constant, a very long ﬁber is often needed to improve the

sensitivity. However, how to reduce the birefringence in the

Manuscript received May 14, 2015; revised June 22, 2015; accepted

June 24, 2015. Date of publication July 6, 2015; date of current version

August 31, 2015. This work was supported in part by the National Basic

Research Program of China (973 Program) under Grant 2010CB327806

and Grant 2010CB327802, in part by the Shenzhen Science and Tech-

nology Research Project under Grant JCYJ20120831153904083, in part

by the Science and Technology Key Project through the Ministry of

Education, China, under Grant 313038, in part by the Tianjin Natural

Science Foundation under Grant 13JCYBJC16200, in part by the National

Instrumentation Program under Grant 2013YQ030915, and in part by the

National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61475114,

Grant 61108070, Grant 61227011, and Grant 61378043. (Zhenyang Ding and

Yang Du contributed equally to this work.) (Corresponding author: Kun Liu.)

The authors are with the College of Precision Instrument and

Opto-electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China,

and also with the Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technical,

Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China (e-mail:

zyding@tju.edu.cn; yangdu@tju.edu.cn; tgliu@tju.edu.cn; beiyangkl@

tju.edu.cn; 1244459356@qq.com; jiangjfjxu@tju.edu.cn).

Color versions of one or more of the ﬁgures in this letter are available

online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.

Digital Object Identiﬁer 10.1109/LPT.2015.2450237

long ﬁber length caused by temperature and stress will be a

challenge in this method [8].

The second method is based on thermal effect, this method

needs a short ﬁber length but requires complex manufacturing

techniques to coat the ﬁbers with metals [9]. The third type is

using magnetic force to stretch the ﬁber Bragg grating [10].

The fourth type is based on magneto-optical materials. For

example, Li et al. [11] propose a point current sensor based

on magnetic ﬂuid with a single-mode–multimode–single-mode

structure. Another more common used material is magne-

tostriction material, in this method, ﬁber Bragg grating is

coated with or bonded to magnetostriction material that utilize

the current induced magnetostrictive effect [2], [12].

Almost all these techniques mentioned above are point

current sensors, so they lack the unique ability of optical

ﬁber sensors of performing distributed measurements.

Palmieri et al. [13] present polarization sensitive OFDR to

achieve distributed current sensing using 130 m long ﬁbers

helically wounded around wires. However, in this method,

as the nature of the Faraday effect is very weak [14], the

sensitivity is only about 0.1 kA and the spatial resolution is

only 10 m.

The spectral shift of Rayleigh backscattering spectra (RBS)

can be used to achieve distributed strain measurements

with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution based

on OFDR [15], [16]. Rayleigh backscattering is caused by

random refractive index ﬂuctuations along an optical ﬁber,

and it can be modeled as a long, weak FBG with random

periods. The strain change will cause a local RBS spectral

shift, which can be calculated by the cross-correlation between

the measured RBS and a reference RBS [15], [16]. We have

combined the technologies of magnetostriction and distributed

stain sensing by RBS spectral shift in OFDR to develop a

distributed magnetic ﬁeld sensor [17]. As this method has

high sensitivity and high spatial resolution, it is attractive for

distributed current sensing.

In this letter, we present a distributed optical ﬁber current

sensor based on magnetostriction using RBS shift in OFDR.

In the proposed sensor, the magnetostrictive Fe-Co-V alloy

thin ﬁlms as sensing materials are attached to a 63 m standard

single mode ﬁber (SMF). Magnetic ﬁeld generated by a

DC current can cause the variation of strain on the magne-

tostrictive thin ﬁlms. By dectecting the strain variation coupled

to SMF by measuring RBS spectral shift in OFDR, we can

measure the current variation in the electric line. In our

experiment, we measure the range of the current variation are

from 0 A to 11.8A and 0 A to 12.14 A at the location 56 m

and 56.9 m respectively using proposed method and obtain the

See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.

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