Landsat8 数据用户手册：遥感初学者指南

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"Landsat8 Data Users Handbook v2.docx - 一份关于Landsat-8卫星数据的用户手册，由美国地质调查局（USGS）和国家航空航天局（NASA）共同编撰，适用于遥感初学者学习Landsat系列卫星知识。" Landsat 8（L8）是美国地质调查局（USGS）和国家航空航天局（NASA）联合运营的一个地球观测卫星项目，其目标是持续监测地球表面的变化。这份Landsat 8 数据用户手册（Version 2.0，发布于2016年3月29日）旨在提供关于L8观测站及其科学数据产品的基础知识和参考材料，帮助用户理解这些产品，而不是深入探讨所有技术细节。 Landsat 8 卫星于2013年发射升空，它携带了多种传感器，包括 Operational Land Imager (OLI) 和 Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS)，这两个传感器能够捕获多光谱和热红外数据，覆盖了从可见光到中红外的光谱范围。OLI提供9个波段的数据，包括蓝、绿、红、近红外以及两个短波红外波段，而TIRS则有两个热红外波段，用于测量地表温度。手册中详细介绍了Landsat 8 的数据产品，包括Level-1和Level-2产品。Level-1产品经过辐射校正，提供了地面反射率和地表温度的估计，而Level-2产品则进一步包含了大气校正，使得用户可以获取更准确的地表特性信息。数据以TIF格式提供，并且遵循Landsat标准的元数据规范，包含关于图像采集日期、地理位置、传感器参数等信息。此外，手册还涵盖了数据访问和下载流程，用户可以通过USGS的EarthExplorer平台获取Landsat 8 数据。同时，手册也讨论了数据质量报告，包括像元质量、辐射和几何校正的精度，以及可能影响数据质量的因素，如云覆盖、阴影和大气条件。对于遥感分析，手册提供了一些基本概念，如NDVI（归一化植被差异指数）和EVSI（增强植被指数），这些都是利用Landsat数据进行植被健康、土地覆盖变化和环境监测的常用指标。同时，手册还介绍了如何处理和分析L8数据，包括辐射校正、大气校正和时间序列分析，这些都是遥感研究中的核心步骤。这份Landsat 8 数据用户手册是遥感领域的宝贵资源，无论是对初学者还是经验丰富的研究人员，都能从中获取到关于卫星数据、数据产品和分析方法的重要信息。通过阅读和理解这份手册，用户将能够有效地利用Landsat 8 数据进行地球表面的监测和分析。

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1.2.1 Previous Missions

Landsat satellites have provided multispectral images of the Earth continuously since

the early 1970s. A unique 403-year+ data record of the Earth's land surface now exists.

This unique retrospective portrait of the Earth's surface has been used across

disciplines to achieve an improved understanding of the Earth's land surfaces and the

impact of humans on the environment. Landsat data have been used in a variety of

government, public, private, and national security applications. Examples include land

and water management, global change research, oil and mineral exploration,

agricultural yield forecasting, pollution monitoring, land surface change detection, and

cartographic mapping.

L8 is the latest satellite in this series. The first was launched in 1972 with two Earth-

viewing imagers - a Return Beam Vidicon (RBV) and an 80-meter 4-band Multispectral

Scanner (MSS). Landsat 2 and Landsat 3, launched in 1975 and 1978 respectively,

were configured similarly. In 1984, Landsat 4 was launched with the MSS and a new

instrument called the Thematic Mapper (TM). Instrument upgrades included improved

ground resolution (30 meters) and 3 new channels or bands. In addition to using an

updated instrument, Landsat 4 made use of the Multimission Modular Spacecraft

(MMS), which replaced the Nimbus-based spacecraft design employed for Landsat 1-

Landsat 3. Landsat 5, a duplicate of Landsat 4, was launched in 1984 and returned

scientifically viable data for 28 years - 23 years beyond its 5-year design life. Landsat 6,

equipped with an additional 15-meter panchromatic band, was lost immediately after

launch in 1993.

Finally, L7 was launched in 1999 and performed nominally until its Scan Line Corrector

(SLC) failed in May 2003. Since that time, L7 has continued to acquire useful image

data in the “SLC-off” mode. All L7 SLC-off data are of the same high radiometric and

geometric quality as data collected prior to the SLC failure.

Figure 1-1 shows the continuity of multispectral data coverage provided by Landsat

missions, beginning with Landsat 1 in 1972.

Figure 1-1. Continuity of Multispectral Data Coverage Provided by Landsat

Missions

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1.2.2 Operations and Management

The L8 management structure is composed of an ongoing partnership between NASA

and USGS for sustainable land imaging. NASA contracted with Ball Aerospace &

Technologies Corp. (BATC) to develop the OLI and with Orbital Sciences Corporation to

build the spacecraft. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) built the TIRS. NASA

was also responsible for the satellite launch and completion of a 90-day on-orbit

checkout before handing operations to the USGS. The USGS was responsible for the

development of the Ground System and is responsible for operation and maintenance

of the Observatory and the Ground System for the life of the mission. In this role, the

USGS captures, processes, and distributes L8 data and maintains the L8 data archive.

The Landsat Project at the USGS EROS Center manages the overall L8 mission

operations. In this capacity, USGS EROS directs on-orbit flight operations, implements

mission policies, directs acquisition strategy, and interacts with International Ground

Stations (IGSs). USGS EROS captures L8 data and performs pre-processing, archiving,

product generation, and distribution functions. USGS EROS also provides a public

interface into the archive for data search and ordering.

1.3 Landsat 8 Mission

The L8 mission objective is to provide timely, high-quality visible and infrared images of

all landmass and near-coastal areas on the Earth, continually refreshing an existing

Landsat database. Data input into the system are sufficiently consistent with currently

archived data in terms of acquisition geometry, calibration, coverage, and spectral

characteristics to allow for comparison of global and regional change detection and

characterization.

1.3.1 Overall Mission Objectives

L8 has a design life of 5 years and carries 10 years of fuel consumables. The overall

objectives of the L8 mission are as follows:

 Provide data continuity with Landsat 4, 5, and 7.

 Offer 16-day repetitive Earth coverage, an 8-day repeat with an L7 offset.

 Build and periodically refresh a global archive of Sun-lit, substantially cloud-free

land images.

1.3.2 System Capabilities

The L8 System is robust, high performing, and of extremely high data quality. System

capabilities include the following:

 Provides for a systematic collection of global, high-resolution, multispectral data.

 Provides for a high volume of data collection. Unlike previous missions, L8 far

surpasses the average collection of 400 scenes per day. L8 routinely surpasses

650 scenes per day imaged and collected in the USGS archive.

 Uses cloud cover predictions to avoid acquiring less useful data.

 Ensures all data imaged are collected by a U.S. Ground Station.

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The L8 Observatory offers many improvements over its predecessor, L7. See Table 1-1

for a high-level comparison of L7 and L8 Observatory capabilities. The following

subsections contain further details.

Landsat 7 Landsat 8

Scenes/Day

SSR Size

Sensor Type

Compression

Image D/L

Data Rate

Encoding

Ranging

Orbit

Crossing Time

~450 ~650

378 Gbits, block-based 3.14 Terafit, file-based

ETM+, Whisk-Broom Pushbroom (both OLI and TIRS)

NO ~2.1 Variable Rice Compression

X-Band GXA ×3

X-Band Earth Coverage

150 M bits/sec × 3 Channels/Frequencies

384 M bits/sec, CCSDS Virtual Channels

not fully CCSDS compliant CCSDS, LDPC FEC

S-Band 2-Way Doppler GPS

705 km Sun-Sync 98.2° inclination (WRS-2) 705 km Sun-Sync 98.2° inclination (WRS-2)

~10:00 AM ~10:11 AM

Table 1-1. Comparison of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Observatory Capabilities

1.3.3 Global Survey Mission

An important operational strategy of the L8 mission is to establish and maintain a global

survey data archive. L8 follows the same Worldwide Reference System (WRS) used for

Landsat 4, 5, and 7, bringing the entire world within view of its sensors once every 16

days.

In addition, similar to L7, L8 operations endeavor to systematically capture Sun-lit,

substantially cloud-free images of the Earth’s entire land surface. Initially developed for

L7, the Long Term Acquisition Plan (LTAP) for L8 defines the acquisition pattern for the

mission in order to create and update the global archive to ensure global continuity.

1.3.4 Rapid Data Availability

L8 data are downlinked and processed into standard products within 24 hours of

acquisition. Level 0 Reformatted (L0R), Level 1 Systematic Terrain (Corrected) (L1Gt),

Level 1 Terrain (Corrected) (L1T), and LandsatLook products are available through the

User Portal (UP). All users must register through EarthExplorer at

http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.

All products are accessible via the Internet for download via Hypertext Transfer Protocol

(HTTP); there are no product media options.

As with all Landsat data, products are available at no cost to the user. The user can

view available data through the following interfaces:

1. EarthExplorer: http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov

2. Global Visualization Viewer: http://glovis.usgs.gov

3. LandsatLook Viewer: http://landsatlook.usgs.gov

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