联合防攻击：多通道无线网状网络信道分配策略

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本文主要探讨了多无线电多通道无线网状网络（MRMC-WMNs）中的信道分配问题，这是一种新兴的技术，旨在提供高速互联网接入。传统上，通过为不同节点分配不同的信道，可以有效降低网络内的干扰，从而提升网络性能。然而，信道分配过程中的安全性面临着严峻挑战，因为恶意节点可能利用Channel Usage Message (CUM)、Channel Change Message (CCM)、Channel Switch Operation (CSO) 和 Security Alarm Message (SAM) 进行攻击，这些行为会扰乱正常的信道分配流程，导致整体网络性能下降。为了对抗这类攻击，研究者提出了一个联合防攻击方案（Joint Anti-Attack Scheme，JAS）。JAS的关键组成部分包括： 1. CUM防御方案：这一部分负责验证CUM消息的真实性和发送者的身份，确保消息的准确性，防止伪造的CUM消息对信道分配造成误导。 2. CCM防御方案：采用三轮验证机制，增强了CCM的安全性，使得恶意节点难以在信道更改过程中隐藏其恶意行为。 3. CSO防御方案：利用三个控制消息来监控和管理CSO，这有助于检测并阻止恶意节点的非法通道切换操作。 4. SAM防御方案：针对安全警报消息，提供两轮验证，确保在异常情况发生时能及时发现并处理潜在威胁。研究团队将JAS应用到了流行的分布式通道分配算法Hyacinth中，并通过大规模的仿真测试，将其与SeCA和SmartC等知名安全信道分配算法进行了性能对比。仿真结果显示，JAS在吞吐量和额外开销方面表现优异，能够有效抵御信道分配攻击，且整体性能优于现有的安全解决方案。这项研究对于提高多无线电多通道无线网状网络的安全性具有重要意义，通过集成多种防御策略，有效地保护了信道分配过程，维护了网络的稳定性和高效运行。这对于保障网络服务质量和用户数据安全具有实际价值。

J. Tao

et al.

Anti-attack for channel assignment in WMNs

Ta b l e I . The contents of veriﬁcation in the anti-attack channel

assignment.

Scheme CUM CCM CSO SAM

Ref. [24] Yes No Yes No No

SmartC [26] Yes Yes No No No

Ref. [27] Yes Yes No No No

SeCA [28] No Yes Yes No Yes

CUM, channel usage message; CCM, channel change message; CSO,

channel switch operation; SAM, security alarm message;

, message

sender.

attacks based on our insights into the possible security risks

and possible attacks.

3. ATTACKS IN CHANNEL

ASSIGNMENT

In this section, we investigate the attack process, focusing

on the cases where the state messages and the correspond-

ing operations of channel assignment are exploited in the

network, respectively.

3.1. The traditional channel assignment

process

We consider the channel assignment among nodes, most

of which are trustable and equipped with multi-radios and

multi-channels, in WMNs. Most of the existing channel

assignment schemes usually follow ﬁve steps in turn: col-

lect information, calculate channels, notify changes, assign

channels and sleep. Shown in the dotted frame of Figure 1,

the channel assignment scheme starts the channel compu-

tation with the gathered channel information. If needed, it

then broadcasts the channel change notiﬁcation and con-

ducts the channel assignment. Finally, it goes into sleep

until a trigger event occurs. The trigger event, which can

happen periodically or be triggered by some special net-

work state, will restart the channel assignment from the

ﬁrst step.

Seen from the steps of channel assignment, there are

two serious security problems: (i) the distributed channel

assignment needs the exchanging the usage information of

radios and channels, which provides the chance for mali-

cious nodes to initiate attacks; and (ii) with the assumption

that all nodes are trustable in most of the channel assign-

ment schemes, each node decides its channel assignment

and notiﬁes its neighbors without veriﬁcation. Besides,

the neighbors conduct the channel assignment for the

corresponding radios without any information veriﬁcation.

3.2. Channel usage message attack

In the collect information process in channel assignment,

the node information is collected before channel assign-

ment in centralized or distributed algorithms. The node

information, with which the channel assignment is con-

ducted, mainly includes the result of channel usage, for

example, the number of the radios and the channels that

each radio occupies, and is referred to as channel usage

message (CUM). The CUMs usually contain different

contents in different channel assignment algorithms. For

example, [7,9,29] and [11,12,30,31] include the network

load or throughput in the CUMs. In [5] and [10], the

amount of the links, which use the same channel in the

interference region, is added into the CUMs. The special

information for interference reduction is also collected and

added into the CUMs in [13].

The nodes request the CUM from the corresponding

nodes, which will respond to the request with the informa-

tion including signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio [9],

trafﬁc load [12], the ﬂow number [7] or the channel utiliza-

tion ratio [10]. The CUM attack exploits the information,

Figure 1. The channel assignment process with joint anti-attack scheme. CUM, channel usage message; SAM, security alarm

message; CCM, channel change message.

Security Comm. Networks

DOI: 10.1002/sec

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