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首页量子引力全息理论中的经典时空信息放大与局部半经典运算
本文探讨了古典时空在全息量子理论中的特殊角色,特别是在量子引力框架下。作者Yasunori Nomura、Pratik Rath和Nico Salzetta将经典时空视为量子引力全息理论中信息放大的体现。经典化过程通常伴随着量子系统信息的增加,但相应的可观测物理实体数量会急剧减少。在量子引力理论中,时空的几何特性被认为是对这种放大信息的几何描述。 他们研究的核心在于理解如何在一般时空背景下的全息理论,如AdS/CFT对偶中实现大量的局部操作。这些操作对于揭示全息屏幕内的物理性质至关重要,尤其是在存在准静态黑洞的情况下。全息理论能够提供从外部观察到的物理描述,即使在没有内部信息的条件下,这暗示着理论的有效性超越了传统界限。 文章的前半部分聚焦于全息状态如何解释宏观物理,特别是它如何通过全息屏幕重构大部分空间,即使这个空间包含了一个黑洞。作者深入剖析了这种理论对整体空间结构的描述,展示了其在描述物理世界中的实用性。 然而,当转向理论的半经典描述时,研究者发现代表半经典时空状态在全息希尔伯特空间中并不普遍。为了实现对半经典时空的精确模拟,需要确保有大量的独立微状态,这要求为半经典运算符赋予特定的状态依赖值。作者利用稳定器形式和张量网络模型来进一步阐述这一观点,强调了状态选择在实现半经典行为中的关键作用。 最后,文章讨论了这些发现对于黑洞内部物理的理解可能带来的启示,暗示着全息理论可能揭示了黑洞隐藏的秘密,甚至超越了现有的物理认识。通过结合经典时空与量子信息处理的概念,本文深化了我们对量子引力和宇宙结构的认识,为未来的理论发展提供了新的洞见。
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H ¼ ⨁
A
H
A
; ð3Þ
where H
A
is the Hilbert space for the states of the degrees
of freedom living in the holographic space of volume
between A and A þ δA; namely, we have grouped clas-
sically continuous values of A into a discrete set by
regarding the values between A and A þδA as the same
and labeling them by A. As in standard statistical mechan-
ics, the precise way this grouping is done is not important
(unless δA is taken exponentially small in A, which is
equivalent to resolving microstates and hence is not a
meaningful choice).
The dimension of H
A
is given by
ln dim H
A
¼
A
4
1 þ O
1
A
q>0
: ð4Þ
This gives the upper bound of e
A=4
on the number of
independent semiclassical states having the leaf area A.
(The original covariant entropy bound of Ref. [32] only
says that the number of independent semiclassical states is
bounded by e
A=2
, since the number in each side of the leaf
is separately bounded by e
A=4
. In Ref. [10], it was argued
that the actual bound might be stronger: e
A=4
for states
representing both sides of the leaf. Our discussions in this
paper do not depend on this issue.)
For the purposes of this paper, we focus on holographic
spaces which have the topology of S
d−1
with a fixed d,
although we do not see a difficulty in extending this to
other cases.
4
This implies that the holographic theory lives
in d-dimension al (nongravitational) spacetime, and we are
considering the emergence of (d þ 1)-dimensional gravi-
tational spacetime. Following assumption (i) in the i ntro-
duction, we divide the holographic space of volume A into
N
A
¼ A=l
d−1
c
cutoff-size cells and consider that each cell
can take k ¼ e
l
d−1
c
=4
different states:
H
A
¼ H
⊗N
A
c
; ð5Þ
where H
c
is a k-dimensional Hilbert space associated with
each cutoff cell. Below, we focus on the regime
A ≫ l
d−1
c
;
l
d−1
c
4
≥ ln 2; ð6Þ
so that the setup is meaningful.
In the AdS=CFT case, k ∼ e
c
, where c is the central
charge of the CFT, which is taken to be large. This implies
that l
c
is large in units of the bulk Planck length. Indeed, the
whole physics in a single AdS volume near the cutoff
surface corresponds to physics of the c degrees of freedom
in a single cell of volume l
d−1
c
. This, however, does not
mean that physics in a single AdS volume in the central
region is confined to a description within a single boundary
cell. It is, in fact, delocalized over the holographic space,
(mostly) encoded in the entanglement between the degrees
of freedom in different cells.
III. CLASSICALIZATION AND SPACETIME
In this section, we present a heuristic discussion on
amplification of information and its relation to the emer-
gence of spacetime.
As discussed in the introduction, classicalization of a
quantum system involves amplification of information at
the cost of reducing the amount of accessible information.
To illustrate this, consider that a detector interacts with a
quantum system
jΨ
s
i¼c
A
jAiþc
B
jBi: ð7Þ
The configuration of the detector can be such that it
responds differently depending on whether the system is
in jAi or jBi. The state of the system and detector after the
interaction is then
jΨ
sþd
i¼c
A
jAijd
A
iþc
B
jBijd
B
i; ð8Þ
where jd
A
i and jd
B
i represent the states of the detector.
Now suppose that an observer reads the detector. The
observer’s mental state will then be correlated with the state
of the detector:
jΨ
sþdþo
i¼c
A
jAijd
A
ijo
A
iþc
B
jBijd
B
ijo
B
i; ð9Þ
where jo
A
i and jo
B
i are the observer’s mental states. The
observer may then write the result of the experiment on a
note:
jΨ
sþdþoþn
i¼c
A
jAijd
A
ijo
A
ijn
A
iþc
B
jBijd
B
ijo
B
ijn
B
i;
ð10Þ
where jn
A
i and jn
B
i are the states of the note after this is
done. We find that the information about the result is
amplified in each term, i.e., it is redundantly encoded. This
implies that a physical entity can learn the result of the
experiment by accessing any factor, e.g., jo
X
i or jn
X
i
(X ¼ A, B), without fully destroying the information about
it in the world. This signifies that the relevant information,
i.e., A or B, is classicalized—it can be shared by multiple
entities in the system or accessed multiple times by a single
physical object.
The above process of classicalization is accompanied
by a reduction of the number of observables. The original
state of the s ystem contains a qubit of information,
given by two parameters ðθ ; ϕÞ spanning the Bloch sphere.
4
An interesting case is that the holographic space consists of
two S
d−1
with a CFT living on each of them [33].
NOMURA, RATH, and SALZETTA PHYS. REV. D 97, 106025 (2018)
106025-4
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