JN516X：集成Zigbee的高效WSN模块与全面特性概览

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JN516X系列是Jennic公司推出的一款先进的无线微控制器模块，专门针对低功耗无线传感器网络（WSN）应用设计。这款模块采用了系统级芯片（SoC）技术，集成了2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4标准兼容的无线收发器、强大的安全处理器、MAC加速器以及多种嵌入式功能，旨在提供高效、可靠且成本效益高的解决方案。在无线通信方面，JN516X具有128位AES加密处理能力，确保数据传输的安全性。它配备了一个强大的MAC加速器，支持数据包格式化、错误检测（CRC）、地址检查、自动应答、定时器等功能，使得数据交换更为精准和高效。此外，该模块还具备超低功耗特性，如集成的0.6μA睡眠振荡器，使其在电池供电模式下能够长时间运行，深度睡眠电流低至0.12μA，甚至在唤醒状态下仅需来自IO的触发即可进入低功耗状态。无线通信性能上，接收灵敏度高达-95dBm，发射功率为2.5dBm，支持时飞行程（ToF）引擎进行距离测量，并采用天线多样性技术自动选择最佳接收路径。作为微控制器部分，JN516X系列包括三种型号：JN5161、JN5164和JN5168，分别提供了不同级别的闪存（Flash）、随机访问存储器（RAM）和电可擦除只读存储器（EEPROM）容量，以满足不同项目的需求。其中，JN5168提供了最大的存储空间，即256kB Flash、32kB RAM和4kB EEPROM，确保了足够的程序存储和数据存储能力。模块内置了多种堆栈，如RF4CE、JenNet-IP、ZigBee SE和ZigBee Light Link，支持不同物联网应用的快速开发，如智能家居、工业自动化等。集成的2-wire I2C接口使模块能作为主设备或从设备工作，提供了灵活的通信选项。此外，模块还配备了五个PWM通道（四个用于定时器，一个用于计数器），以及两个低功耗计数器，进一步增强了其控制和测量功能。 JN516X系列模块凭借其高性能、低功耗、丰富的功能集和广泛的堆栈支持，是构建低成本、高性能无线物联网应用的理想选择。对于那些寻求在物联网领域实现可靠通信和智能控制的开发者来说，这款模块提供了强大而实用的平台。

16 JN-DS-JN516x v1.3 Production © NXP Laboratories UK 2013

4 Memory Organisation

This section describes the different memories found within the JN516x. The device contains Flash, RAM, and

EEPROM memory, the wireless transceiver and peripherals all within the same linear address space.

0xFFFFFFFF

Unpopulated

0xF0008000

RAM

0x04000000

0x02000000

FLASH Boot Code 8K

0x000C0000

0x00000000

0x00080000

Flash & EEPROM Registers

0x01000000

Peripherals

FLASH

Applications

Code

(256KB)

Figure 5: JN5168 Memory Map

4.1 FLASH

The embedded Flash consists of 2 parts: an 8K region used for holding boot code, and a 256K region (JN5168) used

for application code. The sector size of the application code is always 32K, for any size of Flash memory. The

maximum number of write cycles or endurance is, 10k guaranteed and typically 100k, while the data retention is

guaranteed for at least 10 years. The boot code region is pre-programmed by NXP on supplied parts, and contains

code to handle reset, interrupts and other events (see section 7). It also contains a Flash Programming Interface to

allow interaction with the PC-based Flash Programming Utility which allows user code compiled using the supplied

SDK to be programmed into the Application space. For further information, refer to the Flash Programmer User

Guide.[9]. The memory can be erased by a single or multiple sectors and written to in units of 256 bytes, known as

pagewords.

4.2 RAM

The JN516x devices contain up to 32Kbytes of high speed RAM, which can be accessed by the CPU in a single clock

cycle. It is primarily used to hold the CPU Stack together with program variables and data. If necessary, the CPU can

execute code contained within the RAM (although it would normally just execute code directly from the embedded

Flash). Software can control the power supply to the RAM allowing the contents to be maintained during a sleep

period when other parts of the device are un-powered, allowing a quicker resumption of processing once woken.

4.3 OTP Configuration Memory

The JN516x devices contain a quantity of One Time Programmable (OTP) memory as part of the embedded Flash

(Index Sector). This can be used to securely hold such things as a user 64-bit MAC address and a 128-bit AES

security key. By default the 64-bit MAC address is pre-programmed by NXP on supplied parts; however customers

can use their own MAC address and override the default one. The user MAC address and other data can be written

to the OTP memory using the Flash programmer [9]. Details on how to obtain and install MAC addresses can be

found in the Flash Programmer User Guide. In addition 384bits are available, organised as three 128bit words, for

customer use for storage of configuration or other information.

4.4 EEPROM

The JN516x devices contain 4Kbytes of EEPROM. The maximum number of write cycles or endurance is, 100k

guaranteed and 1M typically while the data retention is guaranteed for at least 20 years. (The Persistent Data

Manager, includes a wear-levelling algorithm which can help to extend the endurance.) This non-volatile memory is

primarily used to hold persistent data generated from such things as the Network Stack software component (e.g.

network topology, routing tables). As the EEPROM holds its contents through sleep and reset events, this means

more stable operation and faster recovery is possible after outages. Access to the EEPROM is via registers mapped

into the Flash and EEPROM Registers region of the address map. The memory can be erased by a single or multiple

pages of 64 bytes. It can be written to in single or multiple bytes up to 64 bytes. The customer may use part of the

EEPROM to store its own data if desired by interfacing with the Persistent Data Manager. Optionally the PDM can

also store data in an external memory. For further information, please read - JenOS User Guide [12].

4.5 External Memory

An optional external serial non-volatile memory (eg Flash or EEPROM) with a SPI interface may be used to provide

additional storage for program code, such as a new code image or further data for the device when external power is

removed. The memory can be connected to the SPI Master interface using select line SPISEL0 (see fig 6 for details)

JN516x

Serial

Memory

SPISEL0

SPIMISO

SPIMOSI

SPICLK

SDO

SDI

CLK

Figure 6: Connecting External Serial Memory

The contents of the external serial memory may be encrypted. The AES security processor combined with a user

programmable 128-bit encryption key is used to encrypt the contents of the external memory. The encryption key is

stored in the flash memory index section. When bootloading program code from external serial memory, the JN516x

automatically accesses the encryption key to execute the decryption process, user program code does not need to

handle any of the decryption process; it is transparent. For more details, including the how the program code encrypts

data for the external memory, see the application note Boot Loader Operation. [8]

4.6 Peripherals

All peripherals have their registers mapped into the memory space. Access to these registers requires 3 peripheral

clock cycles. Applications have access to the peripherals through the software libraries that present a high-level view

of the peripheral’s functions through a series of dedicated software routines. These routines provide both a tested

method for using the peripherals and allow bug-free application code to be developed more rapidly. For details, see

Peripherals API User Guide [4].

4.7 Unused Memory Addresses

Any attempt to access an unpopulated memory area will result in a bus error exception (interrupt) being generated.

18 JN-DS-JN516x v1.3 Production © NXP Laboratories UK 2013

5 System Clocks

Two system clocks are used to drive the on-chip subsystems of the JN516x. The wake-up timers are driven from a

low frequency clock (notionally 32kHz). All other subsystems (transceiver, processor, memory and digital and

analogue peripherals) are driven by a high-speed clock (notionally 32MHz), or a divided-down version of it.

The high-speed clock is either generated by the accurate crystal-controlled oscillator (32MHz) or the less accurate

high-speed RC oscillator ( 27-32MHz calibrated). The low-speed clock is either generated by the accurate crystal-

controlled oscillator (32.768kHz), the less accurate RC oscillator (centered on 32kHz) or can be supplied externally

5.1 High-Speed (32MHz) System Clock

The selected high-speed system clock is used directly by the radio subsystem, whereas a divided-by-two version is

used by the remainder of the transceiver and the digital and analogue peripherals. The direct or divided down version

of the clock is used to drive the processor and memories (32, 16, 8, 4, 2 or 1MHz).

High Speed

RC Oscillator

32MHz Crystal

Oscillator

Div by 1,2,4,8,16 or 32

Div by 2

PERIPHERAL SYSTEM CLOCK

CPU CLOCK

Figure 7 System and CPU Clocks

Crystal oscillators are generally slow to start. Hence to provide a fast start-up following a sleep cycle or reset, the fast

RC oscillator is always used as the initial source for the high-speed system clock. The oscillator starts very quickly

and will run at 25-32MHz (uncalibrated) or 32MHz +/-5% (calibrated). Although this means that the system clock will

be running at an undefined frequency (slightly slower or faster than nominal), this does not prevent the CPU and

Memory subsystems operating normally, so the program code can execute. However, it is not possible to use the

radio or UARTs, as even after calibration (initiated by the user software calling an API function) there is still a +/-5%

tolerance in the clock rate over voltage and temperature. Other digital peripherals can be used (eg SPI Master/Slave),

but care must be taken if using Timers due to the clock frequency inaccuracy.

Further details of the High-Speed RC Oscillator can be found in section 19.3.11.

On wake-up from sleep, the JN516x uses the Fast RC oscillator. It can then either:

• Automatically switch over to use the 32MHz clock source when it has started up.

• Continue to use the fast RC oscillator until software triggers the switch-over to the 32MHz clock source, for

example when the radio is required.

• Continue to use the RC oscillator until the device goes back into one of the sleep modes.

The use of the fast RC Oscillator at wake-up means there is no need to wait for the 32MHz crystal oscillator to

stabilise Consequently, the application code will start executing quickly using the clock from the high-speed RC

oscillator.

5.1.1 32MHz Crystal Oscillator

The JN516x contains the necessary on chip components to build a 32MHz reference oscillator with the addition of an

external crystal resonator and two tuning capacitors. The schematic of these components are shown in Figure 8.

The two capacitors, C1 and C2, should typically be 15pF and use a COG dielectric. Due to the small size of these

capacitors, it is important to keep the traces to the external components as short as possible. The on chip

transconductance amplifier is compensated for temperature variation, and is self-biasing by means of the internal

resistor R1. This oscillator provides the frequency reference for the radio and therefore it is essential that the

reference PCB layout and BOM are carefully followed. The electrical specification of the oscillator can be found in

Section 19.3.11. Please refer to Appendix B for development support with the crystal oscillator circuit. The oscillator

includes a function which flags when the amplitude of oscillation has reached a satisfactory level for full operation,

and this is checked before the source of the high-speed system clock is changed to the 32MHz crystal oscillator

XTALOUT

XTALIN

JN516x

Figure 8: 32MHz Crystal Oscillator Connections

For operation over the extended temperature range, 85 to 125 deg C, special care is required; this is because the

temperature characteristics of crystal resonators are generally in excess of +/-40ppm frequency tolerance defined by

the IEEE802.15.4 standard. The oscillator cell contains additional circuitry to compensate for the poor performance of

the crystal resonators above 100 deg C. Full details, including the software API function, can be found in the

application note JN516x Temperature-dependent Operating Guidelines [2]

5.1.2 High-Speed RC Oscillator

An on-chip High-Speed RC oscillator is provided in addition to the 32MHz crystal oscillator for two purposes, to allow

a fast start-up from reset or sleep and to provide a lower current alternative to the crystal oscillator for non-timing

critical applications. By default the oscillator will run at 27MHz typically with a wide tolerance. It can be calibrated,

using a software API function, which will result in a nominal frequency of 32MHz with a +/-1.6% tolerance at 3v and

25 deg C. However, it should be noted that over the full operating range of voltage and temperature this will increase

to +/-5%. The calibration information is retained through speed cycles and when the oscillator is disabled, so typically

the calibration function only needs to be called once. No external components are required for this oscillator. The

electrical specification of the oscillator can be found in Section 19.3.12.

5.2 Low-speed (32kHz) System Clock

The 32kHz system clock is used for timing the length of a sleep period (see Section 18). The clock can be selected

from one of three sources through the application software:

• 32kHz RC Oscillator

• 32kHz Crystal Oscillator

• 32kHz External Clock

Upon a chip reset or power-up the JN516x defaults to using the internal 32kHz RC Oscillator. If another clock source

is selected then it will remain in use for all 32kHz timing until a chip reset is performed.

5.2.1 32kHz RC Oscillator

The internal 32kHz RC oscillator requires no external components. The internal timing components of the oscillator

have a wide tolerance due to manufacturing process variation and so the oscillator runs nominally at 32kHz -10%

/+40%. To make this useful as a timing source for accurate wakeup from sleep, a frequency calibration factor derived

from the more accurate 16MHz clock may be applied. The calibration factor is derived through software, details can

be found in Section 11.3.1. Software must check that the 32kHz RC oscillator is running before using it. The oscillator

has a default current consumption of around 0.5uA, optionally this can be reduced to 0.375uA, however, the

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JN516X：集成Zigbee的高效WSN模块与全面特性概览

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