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ARK–Invest BigIdeas 2021.pdf

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ARK是一家专注于颠覆性科技的投资管理公司。为了给投资者对突破性技术的影响和所创造的机会有所启发，从2017年开始，他们每年都会发布相关的颠覆性技术分析报告BIG IDEA。今年的研究报告聚焦了创新的最新进展，并给出了他们的最新预测。本文为对其研究报告的英文版原文。

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January 26, 2021 | For Informational Purposes Only

This is not a recommendation in relation to any named securities and no warranty or guarantee is provided. Any

references to particular securities are for illustrative purposes only. There is no assurance that the Adviser will

make any investments with the same or similar characteristics as any investment presented. The reader should not

assume that an investment identified was or will be profitable.

PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE, FUTURE RETURNS ARE NOT GUARANTEED.

ARK Investment Management LLC

www.ark-invest.com

Big Ideas 2021

••2

Big Ideas 2021

Introductio n

ARK aims to identify large-scale investment opportunities by

focusing on who we believe to be the leaders, enablers, and

beneficiaries of disruptive innovation. While we believe

innovation is the key to growth, the opportunities it creates can

be missed or misunderstood by traditional investment

managers who are more focused on sectors, indexes, short-term

earnings, and price movements.

ARK seeks to gain a deeper understanding of the convergence,

market potential, and long-term impact of disruptive innovation

by researching a global universe that spans sectors, industries,

and markets. Today, we are witnessing an acceleration in new

technological breakthroughs.

To enlighten investors on the impact of these breakthroughs

and the opportunities they should create, we began publishing

Big Ideas in 2017. This annual research report seeks to highlight

the latest developments in innovation and offers some of our

most provocative research conclusions for the year.

We hope you enjoy our “Big Ideas” for 2021.

ARK’S BIG IDEAS

About ARK

Headquartered in New York City, ARK Investment Management LLC

is a federally registered investment adviser and privately held

investment firm. ARK specializes in thematic investing in disruptive

innovation and strives to invest at the pace of innovation.

To learn more visit ark-invest.com

••

Source: ARK Investment Management LLC, 2020

Risks of Investing in Innovation

Please note, companies that ARK believes are capitalizing on disruptive innovation and developing technologies to displace

older technologies or create new markets may not in fact do so. ARK aims to educate investors and seeks to size the potential

investment opportunity, noting that risks and uncertainties may impact our projections and research models. Investors should

use the content presented for informational purposes only, and be aware of market risk, disruptive innovation risk, regulatory risk,

and risks related to certain innovation areas. Please read risk disclosure carefully.

Disruptive

Innovation

Rapid Pace of Change

Uncertainty and Unknowns

Exposure Across Sectors and Market Cap

RISK OF INVESTING IN INNOVATION

Regulatory Hurdles

Competitive Landscape

Political or Legal Pressure

à Aim to understand the regulatory, market, sector,

and company risks. (See Risk and Disclosure Page)

à Aim for a cross-sector understanding of technology

and combine top-down and bottom-up research.

Big Ideas 2021

DISCLOSURE

••4

Big Ideas 2021

1. Deep Learning 5

2. The Re-Invention of the Data Center 13

3. Virtual Worlds 21

4. Digital Wallets 28

5. Bitcoin’s Fundamentals 37

6. Bitcoin: Preparing For Institutions 44

7. Electric Vehicles (EVs) 51

8. Automation 58

9. Autonomous Ride-Hailing 65

10. Delivery Drones 72

11. Orbital Aerospace 78

12. 3D Printing 85

13. Long Read Sequencing 92

14. Multi-Cancer Screening 99

15. Cell and Gene Therapy: Generation 2 106

Big

Ideas

2021

TABLE OF CONTENT

ARK requires a big idea to be investable and long-term. This report

includes research that has been updated or revised over the years as

well as completely new sections marked with “ “.

••

Forecasts are inherently limited and cannot be relied upon. For informational purposes only and should not be considered

investment advice, or a recommendation to buy, sell or hold any particular security.

Deep Learning

Deep Learning Could Be The Most Important Software

Breakthrough Of Our Time

• Until recently, humans programmed all software. Deep learning, a

form of artificial intelligence (AI), uses data to write software. By

“automating” the creation of software, deep learning could

turbocharge every industry.

• According to ARK's research, deep learning will add $30 trillion to

the global equity market capitalization during the next 15-20 years.

•

Deep Learning

剩余111页未读，继续阅读

写出下列代码实现功能：'''if (np.isnan(line_x) or np.isnan(line_y)) and reached: while True: error_check += 1 print(error_check) if error_check == max_error_check: #ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle #ark_contrl.speed = 0.25 #cmd_vel_pub.publish(ark_contrl) #done_pub.publish(True) error_check = 0 print("done") break'''

当`error_check`的值达到`max_error_check`时，会执行一些注释部分的代码（例如设置`ark_contrl`的转向角度和速度，发布相关消息），然后重置`error_check`的值，并打印出"done"，最后跳出循环。

给下列代码添加注释： if reached == True:#计算中心线，并根据中心点计算转向角度 done_pub.publish(False) line_xy = np.column_stack(np.where(cropped1 >= 245))#像素值大于等于245 line_x = np.mean(line_xy[:,0])#计算x，y坐标的平均值 line_y = np.mean(line_xy[:,1]) center_x = line_x + 80 center_y = line_y + 20 #计算中点坐标 error_check = 0#错误检测计数器 max_error_check = 5#最大错误检测次数 p_s = cv2.getTrackbarPos('p','image')#滑动条 x_x = cv2.getTrackbarPos('x','image') r_r = cv2.getTrackbarPos('r','image') if np.isnan(center_x) or np.isnan(center_y):#如果有nan的值，按照以前的计算，否则重新计算。 angle = old_angle else: angle = (x_x-center_y)p_s0.1 if angle<0: angle = angle(1+r_r0.01) angle = 0.7 * angle + 0.3 * old_angle#计算平均角度 print(p_s) print(center_x,center_y) print(angle) ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle ark_contrl.speed = 0.1#设置小车速度 old_angle = angle cmd_vel_pub.publish(ark_contrl)#发布小车控制指令 '''if (np.isnan(line_x) or np.isnan(line_y)) and reached: while True: error_check += 1 print(error_check) if error_check == max_error_check: #ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle #ark_contrl.speed = 0.25 #cmd_vel_pub.publish(ark_contrl) #done_pub.publish(True) error_check = 0 print("done") break'''

ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle # 设置小车的转向角度 ark_contrl.speed = 0.1 # 设置小车速度 old_angle = angle cmd_vel_pub.publish(ark_contrl) # 发布小车控制指令 ''' if (np.isnan(line_x) or ...

copy-feats --compress=true --write-num-frames=ark,t:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/utt2num_frames.1 ark:- ark,scp:/work/VPR/subtools_1229/exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/raw_mfcc_pitch_seg.1.ark,/work/VPR/subtools_1229/exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/raw_mfcc_pitch_seg.1.scp paste-feats --length-tolerance=2 'ark:compute-mfcc-feats --write-utt2dur=ark,t:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/utt2dur.1 --verbose=2 --config=subtools/conf/sre-mfcc-23.conf scp,p:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/wav_seg.1.scp ark:- |' 'ark,s,cs:compute-kaldi-pitch-feats --verbose=2 --config=subtools/conf/pitch.conf scp,p:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/wav_seg.1.scp ark:- | process-kaldi-pitch-feats ark:- ark:- |' ark:- compute-mfcc-feats --write-utt2dur=ark,t:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/utt2dur.1 --verbose=2 --config=subtools/conf/sre-mfcc-23.conf scp,p:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/wav_seg.1.scp ark:- VLOG[2] (compute-mfcc-feats[5.5]:main():compute-mfcc-feats.cc:182) Processed features for key 001_20230623160347_0319007398_mentianyu-1 compute-kaldi-pitch-feats --verbose=2 --config=subtools/conf/pitch.conf scp,p:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/wav_seg.1.scp ark:- ERROR (compute-kaldi-pitch-feats[5.5]:main():compute-kaldi-pitch-feats.cc:88) Sample frequency mismatch: you specified 16000 but data has 8000 (use --sample-frequency option). Utterance is 001_20230623160347_0319007398_mentianyu-1

首先，copy-feats命令将特征数据进行复制并保存到指定的ark和scp文件中。接下来，paste-feats命令将两个特征数据进行拼接。其中，compute-mfcc-feats命令用于计算MFCC特征，并将结果存储在ark文件中。compute-...

kaldi::KaldiFatalErrorLOG (process-kaldi-pitch-feats[5.5]:main():process-kaldi-pitch-feats.cc:85) Post-processed pitch for 0 utterances. WARNING (paste-feats[5.5]:main():paste-feats.cc:137) Missing utt 001_20230623160347_0319007398_mentianyu-1 from input ark,s,cs:compute-kaldi-pitch-feats --verbose=2 --config=subtools/conf/pitch.conf scp,p:exp/features/mfcc/data_mfcc_23_pitch_seg/log/wav_seg.1.scp ark:- | process-kaldi-pitch-feats ark:- ark:- |

另外，警告信息提示在输入的 ark,s,cs 文件中缺少了 utt 001_20230623160347_0319007398_mentianyu-1 的信息。可能是在输入的 ark 文件中找不到该句子的特征。可能的解决方案包括： 1. 确保输入的 ark 文件中包含...

p_s = cv2.getTrackbarPos('p','image')#滑动条p,x,r的值 x_x = cv2.getTrackbarPos('x','image') r_r = cv2.getTrackbarPos('r','image') if np.isnan(center_x) or np.isnan(center_y):#如果有nan的值，按照以前的计算，否则重新计算。 angle = old_angle else: angle = (x_x-center_y)p_s0.1 if angle<0: angle = angle(1+r_r0.01) angle = 0.7 * angle + 0.3 * old_angle#根据中心点计算平均角度 print(p_s) print(center_x,center_y) print(angle) ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle ark_contrl.speed = 0.1，已知center_x,center_y为中心点坐标数值，这段代码是什么意思

- 最后两行代码是将计算得到的角度赋值给变量 `ark_contrl.steering_angle` 和速度赋值为0.1。这段代码的目的可能是根据滑动条的值和中心点的坐标计算出一个角度，并将该角度应用于某个控制器中，例如用于控制车辆...

p_s = cv2.getTrackbarPos('p','image')#滑动条p,x,r的值 x_x = cv2.getTrackbarPos('x','image') r_r = cv2.getTrackbarPos('r','image') if np.isnan(center_x) or np.isnan(center_y):#如果有nan的值，按照以前的计算，否则重新计算。 angle = old_angle else: angle = (x_x-center_y)p_s0.1 if angle<0: angle = angle(1+r_r0.01) angle = 0.7 * angle + 0.3 * old_angle#根据中心点计算平均角度 print(p_s) print(center_x,center_y) print(angle) ark_contrl.steering_angle = angle ark_contrl.speed = 0.1，已知center_x,center_y为中心点坐标数值，p范围0-10，x范围0-100，r范围0-50，求angle极限值或临界值

根据给出的代码和范围信息，我们可以计算出`angle`的极限值或临界值。假设`center_x`和`center_y`已知，且`p`的范围是0-10，`x`的范围是0-100，`r`的范围是0-50。首先，我们来分析代码中计算`angle`的部分： ...

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