Production Automation
1.1.1 Automation Concepts
Automation may be defined as a system that is relatively safe-operating .Such a system
includes complex mechanical and electronic devices and computer-based system that the
place of observation,effort,and decision by a human operator. It is a system that exhibits
properties of human being by following predetermined operations or responding to encoded
instructions.
1.1.2 Computer process control
Process control involves the control of variables in a manufacturing process, where one or
any combination of materials and equipment produces or modifies a product to make it more
useful and hence more valuable. In process control controls continuous operations. Two kinds
of control systems are the open loop and the closed loop.In an open-loop control system, the
computer dose not itself automate the process .That is ,there is no self-correction.The process
remains under the direct control of human operators,who read form various sources of
information such as instruments, set calibrated dials for process regulation, and change the
controlling medium.
Closed-loop control systems use computers to automate the process. He computer is
directly in charge of the process. It sdjusts all controls form the information provided by
sensing devices in the system to keep the process to the desired specifications, a technique