R语言精粹：第二版——Joseph Adler原著PDF

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"R in a Nutshell 2nd Edition 原版PDF by Joseph Adler" 《R in a Nutshell》第二版是由Joseph Adler编写的关于R语言的实用指南。这本书是作者在对R语言有超过十年的使用经验基础上完成的，讲述了他如何在初期因为无法负担昂贵的统计软件如SAS或MATLAB，而转向了开源的R语言，并被其直观易用性所吸引。随着时间的推移，R语言的功能不断完善，包括精美的图形和统计函数等，作者也用R进行了各种数据分析工作，如信用风险估计、棒球统计数据分析以及互联网安全威胁探测。书中涵盖了R语言的基础和高级概念，旨在帮助读者快速掌握这门强大的统计编程语言。内容可能包括但不限于以下几点： 1. **R语言基础**：介绍R的安装与配置，R的工作环境（R Console和R Studio），基本语法和数据类型（向量、矩阵、列表、数据框等）。 2. **数据操作**：讨论如何读取和写入数据文件，数据清洗和预处理，以及数据的子集提取和操作。 3. **统计分析**：涵盖描述性统计、假设检验、线性回归、逻辑回归等基础统计方法，以及更复杂的统计模型。 4. **绘图**：讲解如何利用R创建各种图表，包括散点图、箱线图、直方图、线图以及更复杂的数据可视化技术。 5. **编程与调试**：介绍函数的定义和使用，控制流程（条件语句和循环），错误处理和调试技巧。 6. **包的管理和使用**：解释如何安装和加载R包，以及利用CRAN（Comprehensive R Archive Network）上的各种第三方包扩展R的功能。 7. **高级主题**：可能涉及并行计算、大数据处理、机器学习算法，以及R与其他语言（如Python、Java等）的集成。 8. **案例研究**：通过具体的实例演示R在实际问题中的应用，如作者在广告库存预测、信用风险评估和网络安全分析中的经验分享。本书的第二版更新了自第一版以来R语言的新功能和技术发展，同时提供了错误修正和更新的信息。对于想要深入理解和使用R语言的初学者和有经验的数据分析师来说，是一本非常有价值的参考书。

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R License Terms

R is an open-source software package, licensed under the GNU General Public

License (GPL).

This means that you can install R for free on most desktop and

server machines. (Comparable commercial software packages sell for hundreds or

thousands of dollars. If R were a poor substitute for the commercial software pack-

ages, they might have limited appeal. However, I think R is better than its commercial

counterparts in many respects.)

Capability

You can find implementations for hundreds (maybe thousands) of statistical

and data analysis algorithms in R. No commercial package offers anywhere near

the scope of functionality available through the Comprehensive R Archive Net-

work (CRAN).

Community

There are now hundreds of thousands (if not millions) of R users worldwide.

By using R, you can be sure that you’re using the same software your colleagues

are using.

Performance

R’s performance is comparable, or superior, to most commercial analysis pack-

ages. R requires you to load data sets into memory before processing. If you

have enough memory to hold the data, R can run very quickly. Luckily, memory

is cheap. You can buy 32 GB of server RAM for less than the cost of a single

desktop license of a comparable piece of commercial statistical software.

Examples

In this book, I have tried to provide many working examples of R code. I deliberately

decided to use new and original examples, instead of relying on the data sets included

with R. I am not implying that the included examples are not good; they are good.

I just wanted to give readers a second set of examples. In most cases, the examples

are short and simple and I have not provided them in a downloadable form. How-

ever, I have included example data and a few of the longer examples in the nut

shell R package, available through CRAN. To install the nutshell package, type the

following command on the R console:

> install.packages("nutshell")

1. There is some controversy about GPL licensed software and what it means to you as a corporate

user. Some users are afraid that any code they write in R will be bound by the GPL. If you are

not writing extensions to R, you do not need to worry about this issue. R is an interpreter, and

the GPL does not apply to a program just because it is executed on a GPL-licensed interpreter.

If you are writing extensions to R, they might be bound by the GPL. For more information,

see the GNU foundation’s FAQ on the GPL: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gplfaq. However, for

a definite answer, see an attorney. If you are worried about a specific application, see an

attorney.

Preface | xv

How This Book Is Organized

I’ve broken this book into parts:

• Part I, R Basics, covers the basics of getting and running R. It’s designed to help

get you up and running if you’re a new user, including a short tour of the many

things you can do with R.

• Part II, The R Language, picks up where the first section leaves off, describing

the R language in detail.

• Part III, Working with Data, covers data processing in R: loading data into R,

transforming data, and summarizing data.

• Part IV, Data Visualization, describes how to plot data with R.

• Part V, Statistics with R, covers statistical tests and models in R.

• Part VI, Additional Topics, contains chapters that don’t belong elsewhere: tun-

ing R programs, writing parallel R programs, and Bioconductor.

• Finally, I included an Appendix describing functions and data sets included

with the base distribution of R.

If you are new to R, install R and start with Chapter 3. Next, take a look at Chap-

ter 5 to learn some of the rules of the R language. If you plan to use R for plotting,

statistical tests, or statistical models, take a look at the appropriate chapter. Make

sure you look at the first few sections of the chapter, because these provide an over-

view of how all the related functions work. (For example, don’t skip straight to

“Random forests for regression” on page 448 without reading “Example: A Simple

Linear Model” on page 401.)

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:

Italic

Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file extensions.

Constant width

Used for program listings as well as within paragraphs to refer to program ele-

ments such as variable or function names, databases, data types, environment

variables, statements, and keywords. (When showing input and output on the

R console, I use constant width text to show prompts and other information

produced by the R interpreter.)

Constant width bold

Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by the user. (When

showing input and output on the R console, I use constant width bold text to

show you what I typed, including comments.)

Constant width italic

Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or by values de-

termined by context.

xvi | Preface

This icon indicates a tip, suggestion, or general note.

This icon indicates a warning or a caution.

In this book, I will sometimes show commands that I entered on my operating system

prompt (i.e., in a Bash shell on Linux), and sometimes show commands that I en-

tered in the R console. For commands that I entered in the operating system shell,

I use a $ character to show the prompt; for commands entered in the R console, I

will use > or + to show the prompt. (In either case, don’t type the prompt character.)

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code

in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact us

for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For ex-

ample, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this book does not

require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-ROM of examples from O’Reilly

books does require permission. Answering a question by citing this book and quot-

ing example code does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount

of example code from this book into your product’s documentation does require

permission.

We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the

title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “R in a Nutshell by Joseph Adler.

If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the permission given

above, feel free to contact us at permissions@oreilly.com.

Safari® Books Online

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from the world’s leading authors in technology and business.

Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and business and

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Safari Books Online offers a range of product mixes and pricing programs for or-

ganizations, government agencies, and individuals. Subscribers have access to thou-

sands of books, training videos, and prepublication manuscripts in one fully search-

able database from publishers like O’Reilly Media, Prentice Hall Professional,

Preface | xvii

Addison-Wesley Professional, Microsoft Press, Sams, Que, Peachpit Press, Focal

Press, Cisco Press, John Wiley & Sons, Syngress, Morgan Kaufmann, IBM Red-

books, Packt, Adobe Press, FT Press, Apress, Manning, New Riders, McGraw-Hill,

Jones & Bartlett, Course Technology, and dozens more. For more information about

Safari Books Online, please visit us online.

How to Contact Us

Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the publisher:

O’Reilly Media, Inc.

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We have a web page for this book where we list errata, examples, and any additional

information. You can access this page at http://oreil.ly/r_in_a_nutshell_2e.

To comment or to ask technical questions about this book, send email to

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For more information about our books, courses, conferences, and news, see our

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Find us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/oreilly

Watch us on YouTube: http://www.youtube.com/oreillymedia

Acknowledgments

First, I’d like to thank everyone who read the first book. I wrote R in a Nutshell to

be useful. I tried to write the book that I wanted to read; I tried my best to share as

much useful information as I could about R. That’s an ambitious goal, and I wrote

an imperfect book. I appreciate all the feedback, suggestions, and corrections that I

have received from readers and have tried my best to improve the book in the second

edition.

I’d like to thank the team at O’Reilly for their support. Tim O’Reilly has said that

he follows three guiding principles: work on something that matters to you more

than money, create more value than you capture, and take the long view.

I tried to

follow these principles when writing this book. As an author, I felt like the team at

O’Reilly followed these principles. My goal in writing R in a Nutshell was to write

the best book I could write. I hope that when people read this book, they learn

something new and use what they learned to solve important problems.

2. See http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/01/work-on-stuff-that-matters-fir.html.

xviii | Preface

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