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Beginning Python

From Novice to Professional,

Second Edition

■■■

Magnus Lie Hetland

Beginning Python: From Novice to Professional, Second Edition

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval

system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

ISBN-13 (paperback): 978-1-59059-982-2

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Contents at a Glance

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxv

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

■CHAPTER 1 Instant Hacking: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

■CHAPTER 2 Lists and Tuples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

■CHAPTER 3 Working with Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

■CHAPTER 4 Dictionaries: When Indices Won’t Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

■CHAPTER 5 Conditionals, Loops, and Some Other Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

■CHAPTER 6 Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

■CHAPTER 7 More Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

■CHAPTER 8 Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

■CHAPTER 9 Magic Methods, Properties, and Iterators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

■CHAPTER 10 Batteries Included . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

■CHAPTER 11 Files and Stuff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261

■CHAPTER 12 Graphical User Interfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

■CHAPTER 13 Database Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

■CHAPTER 14 Network Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305

■CHAPTER 15 Python and the Web. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

■CHAPTER 16 Testing, 1-2-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349

■CHAPTER 17 Extending Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

■CHAPTER 18 Packaging Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383

■CHAPTER 19 Playful Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393

■CHAPTER 20 Project 1: Instant Markup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

■CHAPTER 21 Project 2: Painting a Pretty Picture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

■CHAPTER 22 Project 3: XML for All Occasions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435

■CHAPTER 23 Project 4: In the News. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453

vii

Contents

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

About the Technical Reviewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

■CHAPTER 1 Instant Hacking: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Installing Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Linux and UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Macintosh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Other Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Keeping in Touch and Up-to-Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

The Interactive Interpreter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Algo . . . What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Numbers and Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Large Integers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Hexadecimals and Octals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Getting Input from the User. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

cmath and Complex Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Back to the __future__ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Saving and Executing Your Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Running Your Python Scripts from a Command Prompt. . . . . . . . . . 20

Making Your Scripts Behave Like Normal Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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