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首页Microelectronic circuits - sedra smith - 6th edition
Microelectronic circuits - sedra smith - 6th edition
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Microelectronic circuits - sedra smith - 6th edition
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CHAPTER 1
Signals and Amplifiers 4
CHAPTER 2
Operational Amplifiers 52
CHAPTER 3
Semiconductors 124
CHAPTER 4
Diodes 164
CHAPTER 5
MOS Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) 230
CHAPTER 6
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) 350
PART I
Devices and
Basic Circuits
3
art I, Devices and Basic Circuits, includes the most fundamental and essential topics
for the study of electronic circuits. At the same time, it constitutes a complete pack-
age for a first course on the subject.
The heart of Part I is the study of the three basic semiconductor devices: the diode
(Chapter 4); the MOS transistor (Chapter 5); and the bipolar transistor (Chapter 6). In each
case, we study the device operation, its characterization, and its basic circuit applications.
For those who have not had a prior course on device physics, Chapter 3 provides an over-
view of semiconductor concepts at a level sufficient for the study of electronic circuits. A
review of Chapter 3 should prove useful even for those with prior knowledge of semi-
conductors.
Since the purpose of electronic circuits is the processing of signals, an understanding
is essential of signals, their characterization in the time and frequency domains, and their
analog and digital representations. This is provided in Chapter 1, which also introduces
the most common signal-processing function, amplification, and the characterization
and types of amplifiers.
Besides diodes and transistors, the basic electronic devices, the op amp is studied in
Part I. Although not an electronic device in the most fundamental sense, the op amp is
commercially available as an integrated circuit (IC) package and has well-defined termi-
nal characteristics. Thus, despite the fact that the op amp’s internal circuit is complex, typ-
ically incorporating 20 or more transistors, its almost-ideal terminal behavior makes it
possible to treat the op amp as a circuit element and to use it in the design of powerful
circuits, as we do in Chapter 2, without any knowledge of its internal construction. We
should mention, however, that the study of op amps can be delayed to a later point, and
Chapter 2 can be skipped with no loss of continuity.
The foundation of this book, and of any electronics course, is the study of the two
transistor types in use today: the MOS transistor in Chapter 5 and the bipolar transistor
in Chapter 6. These two chapters have been written to be completely independent of one
another and thus can be studied in either order as desired. Furthermore, the two chap-
ters have the same structure, making it easier and faster to study the second device, as
well as to draw comparisons between the two device types.
After the study of Part I, the reader will be fully prepared to undertake the study of
either integrated-circuit amplifiers in Part II or digital integrated circuits in Part III.
P
CHAPTER 1
Signals
and Amplifiers
Introduction 5
1.1 Signals 6
1.2 Frequency Spectrum of Signals 9
1.3 Analog and Digital Signals 11
1.4 Amplifiers 14
1.5 Circuit Models for Amplifiers 21
1.6 Frequency Response of
Amplifiers
30
Summary 41
Problems 42
5
IN THIS CHAPTER YOU WILL LEARN
1. That electronic circuits process signals, and thus understanding electri-
cal signals is essential to appreciating the material in this book.
2. The Thévenin and Norton representations of signal sources.
3. The representation of a signal as the sum of sine waves.
4. The analog and digital representations of a signal.
5. The most basic and pervasive signal-processing function: signal amplifi-
cation, and correspondingly, the signal amplifier.
6. How amplifiers are characterized (modeled) as circuit building blocks
independent of their internal circuitry.
7. How the frequency response of an amplifier is measured, and how it is
calculated, especially in the simple but common case of a single-time-
constant (STC) type response.
Introduction
The subject of this book is modern electronics, a field that has come to be known as micro-
electronics. Microelectronics refers to the integrated-circuit (IC) technology that at the
time of this writing is capable of producing circuits that contain hundreds of millions of
components in a small piece of silicon (known as a silicon chip) whose area is on the order
of 100 mm
2
. One such microelectronic circuit, for example, is a complete digital computer,
which accordingly is known as a microcomputer or, more generally, a microprocessor.
In this book we shall study electronic devices that can be used singly (in the design of dis-
crete circuits) or as components of an integrated-circuit (IC) chip. We shall study the
design and analysis of interconnections of these devices, which form discrete and integrated
circuits of varying complexity and perform a wide variety of functions. We shall also learn
about available IC chips and their application in the design of electronic systems.
The purpose of this first chapter is to introduce some basic concepts and terminology. In
particular, we shall learn about signals and about one of the most important signal-processing
functions electronic circuits are designed to perform, namely, signal amplification. We shall
then look at circuit representations or models for linear amplifiers. These models will be
employed in subsequent chapters in the design and analysis of actual amplifier circuits.
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