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IC LAYOUT BASICS
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版图课件基础 LAYOUT设计 CMOS AND BIPOLAR DESIGN AND LAYOUT
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Basic Circuit Theory
Chapter Preview
Here
’
s what you
’
re going to see in this chapter:
■
Review of basic circuit theory
■
Materials that conduct, don
’
t conduct, and partially conduct electricity
■
How to make semiconducting material
■
Two types of semiconducting materials
—
negative and positive
■
The importance of the junction between these two materials
■
Making switches using electric fields
■
Putting two Complementary types of switches in series
■
Using these Complementary switches as a decision-making circuit
■
How to make logic circuits
And more
…
Opening Thoughts for the Reader
You should already be familiar with most of the circuitry concepts in the first few pages
of this chapter, as well as the idea of integrated circuits (IC). We will present a short
review as a brief, common reference.
Most of an integrated circuit
’
s functions are achieved by using electrical current in
some way
—
steering current, switching current, or using current to develop a voltage.
Much of this steering, switching and voltage creation use what are known as
semiconductor
materials.
Source : IC Layout Basics: A Practical Guide Christopher Saint, Judy Saint
1
Printed from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.Digitalengineeringlibrary.com).
Copyright ©2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/5286298/bg3.jpg)
Unlike a regular light switch that can only be on or off, a semiconductor switch can be
on, off, or somewhere in between. This semiconductor switch is called a
transistor.
In this chapter, we will build a transistor switch from semiconductor material, then use
transistors to develop logic circuits.
Conventions Used in This Book
■
Diagrams will be drawn showing the width of a material as the vertical dimension and
length as the horizontal.
■
Current will be assumed to be flowing from the left edge to the right edge unless
stated otherwise.
■
The word
“
he,
”
and all masculine references, shall include the word
“
she,
”
or the
appropriate feminine reference.
1
■
Illustrations are instructional only and do not portray all real elements or proportions
actually involved in a process. We
’
re keeping it simple.
■
The reader is to retain a sense of humor, enjoy reading our book, and keep work as fun
as possible. Always look for the undiscovered. There is a lot of it out there.
Basic Circuit Review
Following is some basic circuit theory for your quick reference. We only present an
overview at this point. Readers are expected to already be familiar with
1
At my insistence. I get so distracted by all the his or her, he/she, s/he, he or she or she or he attempts.
There must be a better way.
—
Judy
Basic Circuit Theory Christopher Saint, Judy Saint
2
Chip design begins with the process development team, continues through
your circuit designers, and ends with you, the layout engineer.
You are integral to the successful manufacture of new chips. If you can
design your layout with more knowledge, creativity and efficiency, you can
save your company millions of dollars. Your chips will tend to work better
than expected right off the wafer the first time. They will often be smaller than
the design the next layout engineer might have drawn. You will catch and
correct disastrous mistakes before production.
You can be immensely valuable to your company as a good layout engineer,
particularly as the last person in the pipeline before actual production.
Printed from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.Digitalengineeringlibrary.com).
Copyright ©2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/5286298/bg4.jpg)
basic circuit equations and concepts. If you need more help with these ideas, see the
bibliography for suggested further readings.
Opposites Attract
—
Likes Repel
Remember the phrase
“
Opposites Attract.
”
Materials of opposite sign value (polarity) will
attract each other, while like signs will repel. For example, atoms with positive charges will
attract other atoms with negative charges, even at a distance. These same positive atoms will
repel atoms with like positive charges, also at a distance.
Opposites attract.
Without this weird law of nature, the awesome circuits you will see in this book would not
work.
Units of a Basic Schematic
Voltage,
V,
is measured in
volts.
Resistance,
R,
is measured in
ohms.
Current,
I
,
is measured in
am
p
eres
, or
am
p
s.
Basic Circuit Theory Christopher Saint, Judy Saint
3
I want to know why electrons attract and repel at a distance. I mean really why.
How can one little electron have the faintest idea about the next door neighbor
electrons? In fact, positive and negative charges aren
’
t even different, there is
only a different number of electrons. They shouldn
’
t know anything about that.
They can
’
t count.
And why can
’
t we see gravity? And magnets shouldn
’
t work, either! And
what really is past the infinity of space? And what is that creamy white stuff inside
a Hostess cupcake? It
’
s a frustrating world.
—
Judy
Figure 1
–
1.
Voltage, resistance, and current all exist together in a circuit.
Printed from Digital Engineering Library @ McGraw-Hill (www.Digitalengineeringlibrary.com).
Copyright ©2004 The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.
Any use is subject to the Terms of Use as given at the website.
![](https://csdnimg.cn/release/download_crawler_static/5286298/bg5.jpg)
Series Formulas
Total voltage in a series circuit:
Total resistance in a series circuit:
Parallel Formulas
Total current in a
p
arallel circuit:
Basic Circuit Theory Christopher Saint, Judy Saint
4
Kilometer
1000
1e
3
Meter
1 1
Centimeter
0.01
1e
–
2
Millimeter
0.001
1e
–
3
Micrometer (micron)
0.000001
1e
–
6
Nanometer
0.000000001
1e
−9
Picometer
0.000000000001
1e
–
12
Femtometer
0.000000000000001
1e
−15
Figure 1
–
2.
Two resistors connected in series.
volts
ohms
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