c99标准（pdf格式）

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©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)

Contents

Foreword ............................. xi

Introduction ............................ xiv

1. Scope ............................. 1

2. Normative references ....................... 2

3. Terms, deﬁnitions, and symbols ................... 3

4. Conformance .......................... 7

5. Environment .......................... 9

5.1 Conceptual models ..................... 9

5.1.1 Translation environment ................ 9

5.1.2 Execution environments ................ 11

5.2 Environmental considerations ................. 17

5.2.1 Character sets .................... 17

5.2.2 Character display semantics .............. 19

5.2.3 Signals and interrupts ................. 20

5.2.4 Environmental limits ................. 20

6. Language ............................ 29

6.1 Notation .......................... 29

6.2 Concepts ......................... 29

6.2.1 Scopes of identiﬁers ................. 29

6.2.2 Linkages of identiﬁers ................. 30

6.2.3 Name spaces of identiﬁers ............... 31

6.2.4 Storage durations of objects .............. 32

6.2.5 Types ....................... 33

6.2.6 Representations of types ................ 37

6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type ........... 40

6.3 Conversions ........................ 42

6.3.1 Arithmetic operands ................. 42

6.3.2 Other operands ................... 46

6.4 Lexical elements ...................... 49

6.4.1 Keywords ...................... 50

6.4.2 Identiﬁers ...................... 51

6.4.3 Universal character names ............... 53

6.4.4 Constants ...................... 54

6.4.5 String literals .................... 62

6.4.6 Punctuators ..................... 63

6.4.7 Header names .................... 64

6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers ................ 65

6.4.9 Comments ..................... 66

6.5 Expressions ........................ 67

Contents iii

ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC

6.5.1 Primary expressions ................. 69

6.5.2 Postﬁx operators ................... 69

6.5.3 Unary operators ................... 78

6.5.4 Cast operators .................... 81

6.5.5 Multiplicative operators ................ 82

6.5.6 Additive operators .................. 82

6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators ................. 84

6.5.8 Relational operators .................. 85

6.5.9 Equality operators .................. 86

6.5.10 Bitwise

AND operator ................. 87

6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive

OR operator ............. 88

6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive

OR operator .............. 88

6.5.13 Logical

AND operator ................. 89

6.5.14 Logical

OR operator ................. 89

6.5.15 Conditional operator ................. 90

6.5.16 Assignment operators ................. 91

6.5.17 Comma operator ................... 94

6.6 Constant expressions ..................... 95

6.7 Declarations ........................ 97

6.7.1 Storage-class speciﬁers ................ 98

6.7.2 Type speciﬁers .................... 99

6.7.3 Type qualiﬁers ....................108

6.7.4 Function speciﬁers ..................112

6.7.5 Declarators .....................114

6.7.6 Type names .....................122

6.7.7 Type deﬁnitions ...................123

6.7.8 Initialization ....................125

6.8 Statements and blocks ....................131

6.8.1 Labeled statements ..................131

6.8.2 Compound statement .................132

6.8.3 Expression and null statements .............132

6.8.4 Selection statements .................133

6.8.5 Iteration statements ..................135

6.8.6 Jump statements ...................136

6.9 External deﬁnitions .....................140

6.9.1 Function deﬁnitions ..................141

6.9.2 External object deﬁnitions ...............143

6.10 Preprocessing directives ...................145

6.10.1 Conditional inclusion .................147

6.10.2 Source ﬁle inclusion .................149

6.10.3 Macro replacement ..................151

6.10.4 Line control .....................158

6.10.5 Error directive ....................159

6.10.6 Pragma directive ...................159

iv Contents

©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)

6.10.7 Null directive ....................160

6.10.8 Predeﬁned macro names ................160

6.10.9 Pragma operator ...................161

6.11 Future language directions ..................163

6.11.1 Floating types ....................163

6.11.2 Linkages of identiﬁers .................163

6.11.3 External names ...................163

6.11.4 Character escape sequences ..............163

6.11.5 Storage-class speciﬁers ................163

6.11.6 Function declarators .................163

6.11.7 Function deﬁnitions ..................163

6.11.8 Pragma directives ..................163

6.11.9 Predeﬁned macro names ................163

7. Library .............................164

7.1 Introduction ........................164

7.1.1 Deﬁnitions of terms ..................164

7.1.2 Standard headers ...................165

7.1.3 Reserved identiﬁers ..................166

7.1.4 Use of library functions ................166

7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h> ..................169

7.2.1 Program diagnostics .................169

7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ..............170

7.3.1 Introduction .....................170

7.3.2 Conventions .....................171

7.3.3 Branch cuts .....................171

7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma ...........171

7.3.5 Trigonometric functions ................172

7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions .................174

7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........176

7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions ...........177

7.3.9 Manipulation functions ................178

7.4 Character handling <ctype.h> ................181

7.4.1 Character classiﬁcation functions ............181

7.4.2 Character case mapping functions ............184

7.5 Errors <errno.h> .....................186

7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> .............187

7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma ..............189

7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions ...............190

7.6.3 Rounding ......................192

7.6.4 Environment ....................194

7.7 Characteristics of ﬂoating types <float.h> ...........196

7.8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ........197

7.8.1 Macros for format speciﬁers ..............197

7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types .........198

Contents v

ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC

7.9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h> ...............201

7.10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h> ..............202

7.11 Localization <locale.h> ..................203

7.11.1 Locale control ....................204

7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry ..........205

7.12 Mathematics <math.h> ...................211

7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions ..............213

7.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma ..............214

7.12.3 Classiﬁcation macros .................215

7.12.4 Trigonometric functions ................217

7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions .................220

7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........222

7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions ...........227

7.12.8 Error and gamma functions ...............229

7.12.9 Nearest integer functions ................230

7.12.10 Remainder functions .................234

7.12.11 Manipulation functions ................235

7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions ...237

7.12.13 Floating multiply-add .................238

7.12.14 Comparison macros ..................239

7.13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h> ................242

7.13.1 Save calling environment ...............242

7.13.2 Restore calling environment ..............243

7.14 Signal handling <signal.h> .................245

7.14.1 Specify signal handling ................246

7.14.2 Send signal .....................247

7.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> ...............248

7.15.1 Variable argument list access macros ...........248

7.16 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ............252

7.17 Common deﬁnitions <stddef.h> ...............253

7.18 Integer types <stdint.h> ..................254

7.18.1 Integer types ....................254

7.18.2 Limits of speciﬁed-width integer types ..........256

7.18.3 Limits of other integer types ..............258

7.18.4 Macros for integer constants ..............259

7.19 Input/output <stdio.h> ..................261

7.19.1 Introduction .....................261

7.19.2 Streams ......................263

7.19.3 Files ........................265

7.19.4 Operations on ﬁles ..................267

7.19.5 File access functions .................269

7.19.6 Formatted input/output functions ............273

7.19.7 Character input/output functions .............294

7.19.8 Direct input/output functions ..............299

vi Contents

7.19.9 File positioning functions ...............300

7.19.10 Error-handling functions ................303

7.20 General utilities <stdlib.h> ................305

7.20.1 Numeric conversion functions ..............306

7.20.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions .......311

7.20.3 Memory management functions .............312

7.20.4 Communication with the environment ..........314

7.20.5 Searching and sorting utilities ..............317

7.20.6 Integer arithmetic functions ..............319

7.20.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions .......320

7.20.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions ........322

7.21 String handling <string.h> .................324

7.21.1 String function conventions ...............324

7.21.2 Copying functions ..................324

7.21.3 Concatenation functions ................326

7.21.4 Comparison functions .................327

7.21.5 Search functions ...................329

7.21.6 Miscellaneous functions ................332

7.22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ...............334

7.23 Date and time <time.h> ..................337

7.23.1 Components of time .................337

7.23.2 Time manipulation functions ..............338

7.23.3 Time conversion functions ...............340

7.24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h> .....347

7.24.1 Introduction .....................347

7.24.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions ......348

7.24.3 Wide character input/output functions ..........366

7.24.4 General wide string utilities ..............370

7.24.5 Wide character time conversion functions .........384

7.24.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities ....385

7.25 Wide character classiﬁcation and mapping utilities <wctype.h> ...392

7.25.1 Introduction .....................392

7.25.2 Wide character classiﬁcation utilities ...........393

7.25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities ...........398

7.26 Future library directions ...................400

7.26.1 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ...........400

7.26.2 Character handling <ctype.h> ............400

7.26.3 Errors <errno.h> .................400

7.26.4 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ....400

7.26.5 Localization <locale.h> ..............400

7.26.6 Signal handling <signal.h> .............400

7.26.7 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> .........400

7.26.8 Integer types <stdint.h> ..............400

7.26.9 Input/output <stdio.h> ...............401

Contents vii

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