Beginning SQL Queries From Novice to Professional.pdf

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Books for professionals By professionals

Beginning SQL Queries:

From Novice to Professional

Dear Reader,

Beginning SQL Queries shows you how to write database queries using the

SQL language. SQL is used for many forms of data manipulation, but key to all

forms—whether you are reporting, deleting, or updating—is the ability to target

the “right” data. It is frustrating when you know some information is in your

database but you just can’t work out how to retrieve it. It is frustrating to write a

query, only to find out too late that it returns the wrong data.

Learning about the different keywords and functions in SQL is not difficult,

but deciding which ones will help you in any particular situation can be tricky.

Writing queries with confidence is at the heart of successfully using SQL, and

this book aims to give you that confidence.

In this book, I show you different ways to approach problems so that you

will be able to find your way through the maze of SQL possibilities to create

accurate queries. I’ll explain many ways that tables can be combined, filtered,

and summarized, and the SQL statements that support these operations. Along

the way, I’ll show you alternative ways to think about each query, so that you

can overcome those inevitable moments when your mind just goes blank.

Having taught SQL for more years than I care to admit, I am still surprised by

some of the queries my students devise, which accurately address a particular

problem. My experience reinforces just how many different ways there are to

develop a query. An initial attempt that might seem obvious to me may be quite

obscure to you and vice versa.

I hope that after reading this book, you will have the confidence to tackle all

manner of queries, knowing that you’re generating accurate information from

your database.

Clare Churcher

Author of

Beginning Database Design:

From Novice to Professional

US $34.99

Shelve in

Databases/SQL

User level:

Beginner–Intermediate

Churcher

Beginning

SQL Queries

The eXperT’s Voice

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Beginning

SQL Queries

From Novice to Professional

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Clare Churcher

Companion

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THE APRESS ROADMAP

Beginning

Database Design

Date on Database:

Writings 2000-2006

Applied Mathematics for

Database Professionals

Beginning

SQL Queries

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SOURCE CODE ONLINE

Companion eBook

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ISBN-13: 978-1-59059-943-3

ISBN-10: 1-59059-943-8

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A thoughtful approach to learning SQL that helps you

think about the language—and about your data—so that

you can apply the right operations to the right problem to

generate the right results, every time.

Beginning SQL Queries: From Novice to Professional

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval

system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner and the publisher.

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-59059-943-3

ISBN-10 (pbk): 1-59059-943-8

ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-0550-0

ISBN-10 (electronic): 1-4302-0550-4

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Churcher_943-8FRONT.fm Page ii Thursday, March 20, 2008 11:15 AM

Contents at a Glance

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

■CHAPTER 1 Relational Database Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

■CHAPTER 2 Simple Queries on One Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

■CHAPTER 3 A First Look at Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

■CHAPTER 4 Nested Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

■CHAPTER 5 Self Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

■CHAPTER 6 More Than One Relationship Between Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

■CHAPTER 7 Set Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

■CHAPTER 8 Aggregate Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

■CHAPTER 9 Efficiency Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

■CHAPTER 10 How to Approach a Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

■CHAPTER 11 Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

■APPENDIX Sample Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

■INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Churcher_943-8FRONT.fm Page v Thursday, March 20, 2008 11:15 AM

vii

Contents

About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

■CHAPTER 1 Relational Database Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

What Is a Relational Database? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introducing Data Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Introducing Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Inserting and Updating Rows in a Table. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Designing Appropriate Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Maintaining Consistency Between Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Retrieving Information from a Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Relational Algebra: Specifying the Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Relational Calculus: Specifying the Result. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Why Do We Need Both Algebra and Calculus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

■CHAPTER 2 Simple Queries on One Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Retrieving a Subset of Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Relational Algebra for Retrieving Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Relational Calculus for Retrieving Rows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SQL for Retrieving Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Retrieving a Subset of Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Relational Algebra for Retrieving Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Relational Calculus for Retrieving Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

SQL for Retrieving Columns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Using Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Combining Subsets of Rows and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Saving Queries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Specifying Conditions for Selecting Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Comparison Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Logical Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Contents

Churcher_943-8FRONT.fm Page vii Thursday, March 20, 2008 11:15 AM

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