C语言嵌入式系统设计模式指南

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"《嵌入式系统设计模式：C语言实践教程》是一本深入讲解在嵌入式系统开发中常用的设计模式和技术的专业书籍。它不仅涵盖了系统设计的基本概念，还特别关注在资源受限的环境中如何有效地构建和管理软件库。该书由Elsevier出版社发行，作为Newnes系列的一部分，强调了在全球发展中国家通过合作推动技术知识的增长。作者通过对经典设计模式如工厂模式、观察者模式、单例模式等的详细介绍，帮助读者理解和掌握如何在嵌入式系统中优化代码结构，提高性能，同时确保系统的可靠性和可维护性。书中强调了C语言在嵌入式设计中的重要性，因为C语言简洁高效，适合在内存和处理能力有限的设备上运行。此外，版权方面，这本书的首次出版日期是2011年，并且声明所有权利归Elsevier公司所有，未经书面许可，禁止任何形式的复制、存储或传输，包括电子、机械、复印、录音等。如果需要获取使用该材料的权限，读者可以通过联系Elsevier的科学与技术授权部门，或者在线提交请求至http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions。值得注意的是，尽管本书提供了丰富的设计模式知识，但它并不承担因产品责任、疏忽或其他原因导致的人身伤害或财产损害的责任。它旨在提供理论指导，鼓励安全和负责任的使用方法，确保在实际操作中遵循最佳实践，尤其是在处理嵌入式系统时，这些系统可能具有潜在的高风险特性。《Design Patterns for Embedded Systems in C.pdf》是一本对嵌入式开发者极具价值的参考资料，尤其对于那些需要在资源受限环境下进行创新和优化的工程师来说，是不可或缺的工具。"

What Is Embedded Programming? 9

platform it becomes even more difficult. A number of different strategies can be employed to

execute test cases, such as

• “printf” testing – tests the system by writing to a file or to stdout

• “Test buddies”–writing test fixtures that embed the test cases in their own functionality

• Testing on host – performing most of the tests on the host platforms using a host native

complier and a critical subset on the target platform using a cross compiler

• Simulating on host – simulating the target platform on the host with cross-compiled

software and retesting a critical subset on the target with the same object code

• Commercial software testing tools – using software testing tools, such as TestRT™,

LDRA™, or VectorCAST™

• Commercial hardware-software integrated tools – this includes tools such as logic

analyzers, in-circuit emulators, JTAG-compliant testing tools, and ROM emulators

Of the various kinds of tests, performance tests are usually the most difficult to adequately

perform. This is because most of the common methods for executing test cases involve running

addition software on the same target platform, which affects the timing and performance of the

software under test. Where possible, it is clearly best to use hardware-assisted debugging with

in-circuit emulators or ROM emulators for performance testing.

1.2 OO or Structured – It’s Your Choice

Structured programming is a disciplined form of software development that emphasizes two

separate and distinct aspects.

On one hand, functions or procedures form the foundation of behavioral programming: a

procedure is a collection of primitive actions with a single entry point that performs a coherence

behavioral goal; a function is simply a procedure that returns a value. Procedures can be broken

up into call trees by one procedure invoking another, permitting algorithmic decomposition.

Procedures are usually synchronously invoked (i.e., called) but by adding additional means,

asynchronous invocations can be invoked as well.

The other side of structured programming is the notion of data structuring. All third-

generation computer languages have the notion of building complex data structures from

more primitive elements, ultimately basing them on the basic types provided by the

computer language. These may be homogeneous collections, such as arrays, or heteroge-

neous ones, as with C structs.

Object-oriented programming is based on an orthogonal paradigm. Rather than have two

separate taxonomies, object-oriented programming has a single one based on the notion of a

class. A class combines together both data (stored in attributes) and procedures (known as

operations) that operate on that data, because they tend to be inherently tightly bound anyway.

10 Chapter 1

An object is an instance of a class. This makes an object equivalent to, but more powerful than,

a variable in a structured language because the object provides both the values held in its

attributes and the operations that manipulate them.

A structured language is a language that directly supports structured programming. In the

context of this book, C is clearly a structured language. C is by far the most prevalent language

for creating embedded systems and C is an inherently “structured” language. It has all the

earmarks – functions, variables, and so forth. However, an interesting question arises: can

object-oriented programming be done in a structured language, such as C? And even if it can be

done, should it be done?

I am reminded of a similar discussion back when the most common programming languages

were assembly languages. Was it possible to write structured programs in assembly code? After

all, assembly languages do not provide structured language features intrinsically. As it happens,

the answer is clearly, “Yes!” It is not only possible but profitable to write structured assembly

language programs. It requires some discipline on the part of the programmer and decisions

about the mapping of assembly language instructions to structured concepts (such as passing

parameters on the stack), but it is easy enough to do.

The same is true of object-oriented programming in structured languages such as C. In this

book, we will take a primarily object-based perspective in the programming (object-oriented

without subclassing) because I believe there are benefits to doing so. However, the creation

of object-based or object-oriented programs in C is pretty straightforward. Let’s briefly

discuss the important aspects of object-oriented programming and how to implement those

concepts in C.

1.2.1 Classes

A class is really nothing more than a C struct, but what is special about it is that it contains two

different kinds of features: data (attributes) and behavioral (operations).

The simplest way to implement classes is simply to use the file as the encapsulating

boundary; public variables and functions can be made visible in t he header file, while the

implementation file holds the f uncti on bodies and pr ivate variab les and functions. Multiple

files can be linked with

«Usage» dependencies to support the call tree, such as in Figure 1-1.

In this case, a “class” i s represented as a pair of fi les and its implementation uses some

features (variables or functions) of the Display class (file), in this case, the

displayMsg()

function.

A somewhat more flexible approach uses structs within the files to represent the classes. The

operations of the class are defined as functions located within the same file as the struct. To

make sure that the function has access to the correct object data, we need to pass in a

me pointer.

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