英文原版《代码大全》第二版 - Steven McConnell

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"Code Complete, 2nd Edition - Steve McConnell.pdf" 是一本由Steven C. McConnell编写的关于软件开发的经典著作。这本书的第二版是最新的版本，提供了丰富的计算机编程和软件构建的最佳实践。《代码大全》（Code Complete）是软件开发人员的必备参考书之一，它深入探讨了软件构建过程中的各个层面，包括设计、架构、编码规范、测试和调试等。作者Steve McConnell是一位经验丰富的软件工程师，他在书中分享了他的专业知识和见解。本书的主要知识点包括： 1. **项目规划与管理**：强调了良好的项目规划对于软件开发的重要性，包括需求分析、工作量估计和进度管理。 2. **设计原则与模式**：介绍了一系列的设计原则，如开闭原则、单一职责原则，以及常见的设计模式，帮助开发者构建可维护和可扩展的系统。 3. **结构化编程与面向对象设计**：详细讲解了如何使用结构化编程技术，以及如何有效地应用面向对象设计原则，如封装、继承和多态。 4. **代码质量**：强调编写清晰、可读性强的代码，讨论了命名约定、注释策略以及避免常见编程错误的方法。 5. **错误处理与异常处理**：介绍了如何有效地处理程序错误，包括错误检测、报告和恢复机制，以及何时使用异常处理。 6. **测试与调试**：详述了单元测试、集成测试和系统测试的重要性，以及各种调试技巧，帮助开发者找出并修复问题。 7. **重构与优化**：探讨了如何通过重构改善代码结构，以及在何时何地进行性能优化，以确保代码的效率和可维护性。 8. **团队协作与沟通**：强调了在软件开发团队中有效沟通和协作的重要性，包括版本控制、代码审查和团队工作流程。 9. **软件生命周期**：涵盖了从项目启动到软件发布后的维护整个生命周期，讨论了不同阶段的关键任务和决策。 10. **持续学习与专业发展**：鼓励开发者保持对新技术和最佳实践的关注，持续提升自己的技能和知识。《代码大全》不仅仅是一本技术书籍，更是一本关于软件工程实践的智慧结晶。书中的内容深入浅出，不仅适合初学者作为入门指南，也适合有经验的开发者用来巩固和提升自己的技能。书中的例子和建议都是基于实际经验，旨在帮助读者避免常见的陷阱，提高软件开发的效率和质量。

xvi Table of Contents

32 Self-Documenting Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.1 External Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

32.2 Programming Style as Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

32.3 To Comment or Not to Comment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781

32.4 Keys to Effective Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785

32.5 Commenting Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

32.6 IEEE Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813

33 Personal Character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

33.1 Isn’t Personal Character Off the Topic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820

33.2 Intelligence and Humility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

33.3 Curiosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822

33.4 Intellectual Honesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826

33.5 Communication and Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

33.6 Creativity and Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829

33.7 Laziness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.8 Characteristics That Don’t Matter As Much As You Might Think . . . . . . . . . . . 830

33.9 Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

34 Themes in Software Craftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.1 Conquer Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837

34.2 Pick Your Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

34.3 Write Programs for People First, Computers Second . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

34.4 Program into Your Language, Not in It. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843

34.5 Focus Your Attention with the Help of Conventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844

34.6 Program in Terms of the Problem Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845

34.7 Watch for Falling Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848

34.8 Iterate, Repeatedly, Again and Again . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850

34.9 Thou Shalt Rend Software and Religion Asunder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

xix

Preface

The gap between the best software engineering practice and the average practice

is very wide—perhaps wider than in any other engineering discipline. A tool that

disseminates good practice would be important.

—Fred Brooks

My primary concern in writing this book has been to narrow the gap between the

knowledge of industry gurus and professors on the one hand and common commer-

cial practice on the other. Many powerful programming techniques hide in journals

and academic papers for years before trickling down to the programming public.

Although leading-edge software-development practice has advanced rapidly in recent

years, common practice hasn’t. Many programs are still buggy, late, and over budget,

and many fail to satisfy the needs of their users. Researchers in both the software

industry and academic settings have discovered effective practices that eliminate most

of the programming problems that have been prevalent since the 1970s. Because

these practices aren’t often reported outside the pages of highly specialized technical

journals, however, most programming organizations aren’t yet using them today.

Studies have found that it typically takes 5 to 15 years or more for a research develop-

ment to make its way into commercial practice (Raghavan and Chand 1989, Rogers

1995, Parnas 1999). This handbook shortcuts the process, making key discoveries

available to the average programmer now.

Who Should Read This Book?

The research and programming experience collected in this handbook will help you

to create higher-quality software and to do your work more quickly and with fewer

problems. This book will give you insight into why you’ve had problems in the past

and will show you how to avoid problems in the future. The programming practices

described here will help you keep big projects under control and help you maintain

and modify software successfully as the demands of your projects change.

Experienced Programmers

This handbook serves experienced programmers who want a comprehensive, easy-to-

use guide to software development. Because this book focuses on construction, the

most familiar part of the software life cycle, it makes powerful software development

techniques understandable to self-taught programmers as well as to programmers

with formal training.

xx Preface

Technical Leads

Many technical leads have used Code Complete to educate less-experienced program-

mers on their teams. You can also use it to fill your own knowledge gaps. If you’re an

experienced programmer, you might not agree with all my conclusions (and I would be

surprised if you did), but if you read this book and think about each issue, only rarely

will someone bring up a construction issue that you haven’t previously considered.

Self-Taught Programmers

If you haven’t had much formal training, you’re in good company. About 50,000 new

developers enter the profession each year (BLS 2004, Hecker 2004), but only about

35,000 software-related degrees are awarded each year (NCES 2002). From these fig-

ures it’s a short hop to the conclusion that many programmers don’t receive a formal

education in software development. Self-taught programmers are found in the emerg-

ing group of professionals—engineers, accountants, scientists, teachers, and small-

business owners—who program as part of their jobs but who do not necessarily view

themselves as programmers. Regardless of the extent of your programming educa-

tion, this handbook can give you insight into effective programming practices.

Students

The counterpoint to the programmer with experience but little formal training is the

fresh college graduate. The recent graduate is often rich in theoretical knowledge but

poor in the practical know-how that goes into building production programs. The

practical lore of good coding is often passed down slowly in the ritualistic tribal

dances of software architects, project leads, analysts, and more-experienced program-

mers. Even more often, it’s the product of the individual programmer’s trials and

errors. This book is an alternative to the slow workings of the traditional intellectual

potlatch. It pulls together the helpful tips and effective development strategies previ-

ously available mainly by hunting and gathering from other people’s experience. It’s a

hand up for the student making the transition from an academic environment to a

professional one.

Where Else Can You Find This Information?

This book synthesizes construction techniques from a variety of sources. In addition

to being widely scattered, much of the accumulated wisdom about construction has

resided outside written sources for years (Hildebrand 1989, McConnell 1997a).

There is nothing mysterious about the effective, high-powered programming tech-

niques used by expert programmers. In the day-to-day rush of grinding out the latest

project, however, few experts take the time to share what they have learned. Conse-

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