Nonlinear Dyn (2015) 80:1221–1230
DOI 10.1007/s11071-015-1938-z
ORIGINAL PAPER
Coherently coupled solitons, breathers and rogue waves
for polarized optical waves in an isotropic medium
Rui Guo · Yue-Feng Liu · Hui-Qin Hao ·
Feng-Hua Qi
Received: 23 July 2014 / Accepted: 24 January 2015 / Published online: 7 February 2015
© Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2015
Abstract Under investigation in this paper is a coher-
ently coupled nonlinear Schrödinger system which
describes the propagation of polarized optical waves in
an isotropic medium. By virtue of the Darboux transfor-
mation, some new solutions have been generated on the
vanishing and non-vanishing backgrounds, including
multi-solitons, bound solitons, one-breathers, bound
breathers, two-breathers, first-order and higher-order
rogue waves. Dynamic behaviors of those solitons,
breathers and rogue waves have been discussed through
graphic simulation.
Keywords Coherently coupled nonlinear
Schrödinger system · Darboux transformation ·
Soliton · Breather · Rogue wave
1 Introduction
During the past decades, considerable research interest
has been focused on the nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS)
equation, which describes the propagation of optical
solitons in a mono-mode fiber for the scalar field [1–
12], and the principle of such scalar NLS soliton is
R. Guo (
B
) · Y. -F. L iu · H.-Q. Hao
School of Mathematics, Taiyuan University of Technology,
Taiyuan 030024, China
e-mail: gr81@sina.com
F.-H. Qi
School of Information, Beijing Wuzi University,
Beijing 101149, China
based on the balance between the group velocity dis-
persion (GVD) and self-phase modulation (SPM) [1].
In view of the nonlinear phase change resulting from
the cross-phase modulation(XPM) in the birefringent
fibers or multi-mode fibers, one must consider interac-
tions of several field components at different frequen-
cies or polarizations, and the dynamic features of such
solitons are usually governed by the coupled nonlinear
Schrödinger (CNLS) systems [1]. Owing to the multi-
component nature, the shape-preserving solutions for
CNLS systems are called vector soliton, and many
research achievements about vector solitons have been
reported in recent years [7,8].
Generally, there exist two categories of vector soli-
tons in optical fibers: incoherently and coherently cou-
pled vector solitons [1]. The incoherently coupled vec-
tor soliton means that the coupling is phase insensitive,
and the incoherently CNLS systems have been well
investigated in Refs. [9,10]. As a special incoherently
CNLS system, the Manakov system has the following
structure [11]:
iu
1ζ
±
1
2
u
1ττ
+
|u
1
|
2
+|u
2
|
2
u
1
= 0, (1.1a)
iu
2ζ
±
1
2
u
2ττ
+
|u
1
|
2
+|u
2
|
2
u
2
= 0, (1.1b)
where ζ and τ indicate the normalized spatial and tem-
poral coordinates, the + and − signs before the disper-
sive terms express the anomalous or normal dispersive
regime, respectively, |u
1
|
2
u
1
and |u
2
|
2
u
2
denote SPM
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