ns-3 模型库文档：网络模拟与协议实现

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"该资源是关于ns-3模型库的详细文档，涵盖了ns-3项目的最新版本（ns-3-dev）中的多种网络模型和模块，包括动画、天线模块、AdHoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)路由、3GPP HTTP应用、桥接网卡设备、BRITE集成、建筑模块、Click模块化路由器集成、CSMA/NET设备、DSDV和DSR路由、仿真概述、能量框架、流量监控、互联网模型（IP、TCP、UDP、路由）、互联网应用程序模块、低速率无线个人区域网络（LR-WPAN）、LTE模块、Wi-Fi Mesh模块、MPI用于分布式模拟、移动性、网络模块、Nix-向量路由、优化链路状态路由（OLSR）、OpenFlow交换机支持、点对点网卡设备、传播模型、频谱模块、6LoWPAN、拓扑输入读取器、交通控制层、水下声学网络框架（UAN）、Wi-Fi模块和WiMAX网卡设备。" ns-3是一个开源的网络模拟器，广泛用于研究和教育，它允许用户在软件中构建和模拟各种网络环境和协议。这个模型库文档提供了ns-3中包含的各种模块和功能的详细信息： 1. **Organization**：这部分可能讲述了项目结构、模块分类和如何组织代码以实现高效模拟。 2. **Animation**：ns-3支持动画输出，使得模拟过程可视化，便于理解网络行为。 3. **AntennaModule**：描述了不同类型的天线模型，如 omnidirectional 或 directional 天线，以及它们如何影响无线通信。 4. **AdHocOn-DemandDistanceVector(AODV)**：AODV是一种适用于Ad Hoc网络的路由协议，文档可能涵盖其工作原理和在ns-3中的实现。 5. **3GPPHTTPapplications**：涉及3GPP标准下的HTTP应用模拟，可能包括数据传输和性能分析。 6. **BridgeNetDevice**：介绍如何在ns-3中实现桥接功能，连接不同网络段。 7. **BRITEIntegration**：BRITE（Basic Research on Internet Topology Evolution）是一个网络拓扑生成器，ns-3与其集成可生成复杂网络结构。 8. **BuildingsModule**：描述如何模拟建筑物对无线信号的影响，例如多路径传播和遮挡。 9. **ClickModularRouterIntegration**：Click模块化路由器与ns-3的结合，提供了一种灵活的路由器配置方式。 10. **InternetModels(IP,TCP,Routing,UDP)**：详述了互联网核心协议的模拟，包括IP分组转发、TCP/UDP传输和路由选择。 11. **EnergyFramework**：关于设备能源消耗的模拟，可能包括电池模型和节能策略。 12. **FlowMonitor**：用于追踪和分析网络流，以便于性能评估。 13. **Mobility**：提供了移动节点的模型，包括随机游走、轨迹移动等。 14. **NetworkModule**：包含了网络层的其他组件，如地址分配、网络接口等。 15. **Nix-VectorRoutingDocumentation** 和 **OptimizedLinkStateRouting(OLSR)**：分别介绍了两种不同的路由策略及其在ns-3中的实现。 16. **OpenFlowswitchsupport**：ns-3对OpenFlow协议的支持，允许模拟SDN环境。 17. **Wi-FiMeshModuleDocumentation** 和 **Wi-FiModule**：专门针对Wi-Fi网络的模块，包括802.11标准的各个方面。 18. **WimaxNetDevice**：描述了WiMAX网络设备的模拟，可能涉及OFDMA和QoS管理。此外，还有关于LR-WPAN、6LoWPAN、UAN框架、MPI分布式模拟、点对点连接、传播模型、频谱管理等方面的内容，这些都是ns-3模型库的重要组成部分，为研究者和开发者提供了丰富的网络模拟工具。每个模块的详细文档都旨在帮助用户理解和利用这些模型进行网络性能分析、协议开发或实验设计。

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ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3-dev

12 Chapter 2. Animation

CHAPTER

THREE

ANTENNA MODULE

3.1 Design documentation

3.1.1 Overview

The Antenna module provides:

1. a class (Angles) and utility functions to deal with angles

2. a base class (AntennaModel) that provides an interface for the modeling of the radiation pattern of an antenna;

3. a set of classes derived from this base class that each models the radiation pattern of different types of antennas;

4. a base class (PhasedArrayModel) that provides a ﬂexible interface for modeling a number of Phase Antenna

Array (PAA) models

5. a class (UniformPlanarArray) derived from this base class, implementing a Uniform Planar Array (UPA) sup-

porting both rectangular and linear lattices

3.1.2 Angles

The Angles class holds information about an angle in 3D space using spherical coordinates in radian units. Speciﬁcally,

it uses the azimuth-inclination convention, where

• Inclination is the angle between the zenith direction (positive z-axis) and the desired direction. It is included in

the range [0, pi] radians.

• Azimuth is the signed angle measured from the positive x-axis, where a positive direction goes towards the

positive y-axis. It is included in the range [-pi, pi) radians.

Multiple constructors are present, supporting the most common ways to encode information on a direction. A static

boolean variable allows the user to decide whether angles should be printed in radian or degree units.

A number of angle-related utilities are offered, such as radians/degree conversions, for both scalars and vectors, and

angle wrapping.

3.1.3 AntennaModel

The AntennaModel uses the coordinate system adopted in [Balanis] and depicted in Figure Coordinate system of the

AntennaModel. This system is obtained by translating the Cartesian coordinate system used by the ns-3 MobilityModel

into the new origin o which is the location of the antenna, and then transforming the coordinates of every generic

point p of the space from Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) into spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ). The antenna model

neglects the radial component r, and only considers the angle components (θ, φ). An antenna radiation pattern is

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3-dev

ParabolicAntennaModel

This model is based on the parabolic approximation of the main lobe radiation pattern. It is often used in the context

of cellular system to model the radiation pattern of a cell sector, see for instance [R4-092042a] and [Calcev]. The

antenna gain in dB is determined as:

(φ, θ) = −min



φ − φ

3dB



, A

max

where φ

is the azimuthal orientation of the antenna (i.e., its direction of maximum gain), φ

3dB

is its 3 dB beamwidth,

and A

max

is the maximum attenuation in dB of the antenna. Note that this radiation pattern is independent of the

inclination angle θ.

ThreeGppAntennaModel

This model implements the antenna element described in

38901

. Parameters are ﬁxed from the technical report, thus no

attributes nor setters are provided. The model is largely based on the ParabolicAntennaModel.

3.1.5 Phased Array Model

The class PhasedArrayModel has been created with ﬂexibility in mind. It abstracts the basic idea of a Phased Antenna

Array (PAA) by removing any constraint on the position of each element, and instead generalizes the concept of

steering and beamforming vectors, solely based on the generalized location of the antenna elements. For details on

Phased Array Antennas see for instance [Mailloux].

Derived classes must implement the following functions:

• GetNumberOfElements: returns the number of antenna elements

• GetElementLocation: returns the location of the antenna element with the speciﬁed index, normalized with

respect to the wavelength

• GetElementFieldPattern: returns the horizontal and vertical components of the antenna element ﬁeld pattern at

the speciﬁed direction. Same polarization (conﬁgurable) for all antenna elements of the array is considered.

The class PhasedArrayModel also assumes that all antenna elements are equal, a typical key assumption which allows

to model the PAA ﬁeld pattern as the sum of the array factor, given by the geometry of the location of the antenna

elements, and the element ﬁeld pattern. Any class derived from AntennaModel is a valid antenna element for the

PhasedArrayModel, allowing for a great ﬂexibility of the framework.

UniformPlanarArray

The class UniformPlanarArray is a generic implementation of Uniform Planar Arrays (UPAs), supporting rectangular

and linear regular lattices. It loosely follows the implementation described in the 3GPP TR 38.901

38901

, considering

only a single a single panel, i.e., N

= M

= 1.

By default, the array is orthogonal to the x-axis, pointing towards the positive direction, but the orientation can be

changed through the attributes “BearingAngle”, which adjusts the azimuth angle, and “DowntiltAngle”, which adjusts

the elevation angle. The slant angle is instead ﬁxed and assumed to be 0.

The number of antenna elements in the vertical and horizontal directions can be conﬁgured through the attributes

“NumRows” and “NumColumns”, while the spacing between the horizontal and vertical elements can be conﬁgured

through the attributes “AntennaHorizontalSpacing” and “AntennaVerticalSpacing”.

38901

3GPP. 2018. TR 38.901, Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz, V15.0.0. (2018-06).

3.1. Design documentation 15

ns-3 Model Library, Release ns-3-dev

The polarization of each antenna element in the array is determined by the polarization slant angle through the attribute

“PolSlantAngle”, as described in

38901

(i.e., ζ).

3.2 User Documentation

The antenna modeled can be used with all the wireless technologies and physical layer models that support it. Cur-

rently, this includes the physical layer models based on the SpectrumPhy. Please refer to the documentation of each of

these models for details.

3.3 Testing Documentation

In this section we describe the test suites included with the antenna module that verify its correct functionality.

3.3.1 Angles

The unit test suite angles veriﬁes that the Angles class is constructed properly by correct conversion from 3D Carte-

sian coordinates according to the available methods (construction from a single vector and from a pair of vectors). For

each method, several test cases are provided that compare the values (φ, θ) determined by the constructor to known

reference values. The test passes if for each case the values are equal to the reference up to a tolerance of 10

−10

which

accounts for numerical errors.

3.3.2 DegreesToRadians

The unit test suite degrees-radians veriﬁes that the methods DegreesToRadians and RadiansToDegrees work

properly by comparing with known reference values in a number of test cases. Each test case passes if the comparison

is equal up to a tolerance of 10

−10

which accounts for numerical errors.

3.3.3 IsotropicAntennaModel

The unit test suite isotropic-antenna-model checks that the IsotropicAntennaModel class works properly,

i.e., returns always a 0dB gain regardless of the direction.

3.3.4 CosineAntennaModel

The unit test suite cosine-antenna-model checks that the CosineAntennaModel class works properly. Several

test cases are provided that check for the antenna gain value calculated at different directions and for different values

of the orientation, the reference gain and the beamwidth. The reference gain is calculated by hand. Each test case

passes if the reference gain in dB is equal to the value returned by CosineAntennaModel within a tolerance of 0.001,

which accounts for the approximation done for the calculation of the reference values.

3.3.5 ParabolicAntennaModel

The unit test suite parabolic-antenna-model checks that the ParabolicAntennaModel class works properly.

Several test cases are provided that check for the antenna gain value calculated at different directions and for different

values of the orientation, the maximum attenuation and the beamwidth. The reference gain is calculated by hand.

16 Chapter 3. Antenna Module

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