《Linux精华版》第六版——权威的Linux使用指南

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"Linux in a Nutshell (Sixth Edition)" 是一本由 Ellen Siever, Stephen Figgins, Robert Love 和 Arnold Robbins 合著的全面介绍 Linux 使用方法的技术书籍，旨在为读者提供详尽的 Linux 操作系统知识。这本书是第六版，自1997年以来不断更新，以涵盖最新的 Linux 发展和技术。在书中，作者们涵盖了多个关键知识点，包括但不限于： 1. **Linux 发行版**: 书中会介绍不同类型的 Linux 发行版，如 Red Hat, Debian, Ubuntu 等，以及它们之间的差异和适用场景。 2. **命令行界面**: 详细介绍 Linux 命令行工具，如 `ls`, `cd`, `mkdir`, `rm`, `cp`, `mv` 等，并教授如何通过 shell 脚本自动化日常任务。 3. **文件系统和权限**: 解析 Linux 文件系统结构，讲解文件和目录的权限管理，如用户和组权限、符号链接等。 4. **进程管理**: 讲解如何启动、停止、监控和控制进程，以及理解进程间的交互和调度机制。 5. **网络和互联网**: 包括网络配置、TCP/IP 协议、DNS 解析、SSH 安全远程登录、FTP 和 HTTP 服务等。 6. **系统管理**: 如系统初始化、服务管理、日志记录、系统安全设置、备份策略和故障恢复。 7. **软件包管理和编译**: 介绍 APT, RPM, Yum 等软件包管理器的使用，以及如何从源代码编译安装软件。 8. **系统调用和编程接口**: 对于高级用户，书中可能包含有关 Linux API 和系统调用的信息，帮助开发人员编写系统级程序。 9. **shell 脚本编程**: 教授 Bash 或其他常见 shell 的脚本编写，包括变量、条件语句、循环和函数。 10. **硬件支持**: 讨论 Linux 对各种硬件的支持情况，如打印机、扫描仪、网络设备和存储设备的配置。 11. **系统监控和性能分析**: 如何监控系统性能，使用工具如 `top`, `vmstat`, `iostat` 等进行性能分析。 12. **安全与防火墙**: 讲解 Linux 的安全机制，包括防火墙规则（如 iptables）和用户认证机制。这本书适合 Linux 新手和经验丰富的管理员阅读，无论你是想学习基础操作，还是深入探究系统内部工作原理，都能从中受益。由于是英文版，对于英语阅读能力有一定的要求，但同时也提供了更准确的技术术语和最新资讯。此外，O'Reilly Media 出版社的专业编辑团队和高质量的制作流程保证了内容的权威性和易读性。

Chapter 1: Introduction

Benefiting from years of experience with standard Unix utilities and advances in

computer science, programmers on the GNU project have managed to create

versions of standard tools that have more features, run faster and more efficiently,

and lack the bugs and inconsistencies that persist in the original standard versions.

While GNU provided the programming utilities and standard commands such as

grep, many of the system and network administration tools on Linux came from

the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD). In addition, some people wrote tools

that specifically allow Linux to deal with special issues such as filesystems. This

book documents the standard Unix commands that are commonly available on

most Linux distributions.

The third type of software most commonly run on Linux is the X Window

System, ported by the XFree86 and X.org projects to standard Intel chips. This

book does not discuss the X Window System; see the O’Reilly book Running

Linux, by Matthias Kalle Dalheimer and Matt Welsh, for an introduction to X.

What This Book Offers

Originally based on the classic O’Reilly quick reference, Unix in a Nutshell, this

book has been expanded to include much information that is specific to Linux.

These enhancements include chapters on:

• Package managers (which make it easy to install, update, and remove related

software files)

• Boot methods

• The Subversion and Git version control systems

• Virtualization

The book also contains dozens of Linux-specific commands, along with tried-and-

true Unix commands that have been supporting users for decades (though they

continue to sprout new options).

This book does not cover the graphical tools contained in most distributions of

Linux. Many of these, to be sure, are quite useful and can form the basis of

everyday work. Examples of these tools include OpenOffice (Sun Microsystems’

free, open source version of the StarOffice suite), Evolution (a mail, calendar, and

office productivity tool from Novell), Firefox and Thunderbird (a browser and

mail program from Mozilla), and the GIMP (a graphic image-manipulation

program and provider of a powerful library used by the GNOME project). But

they are not Linux-specific, and their graphical models do not fit well into the

format of this book.

While you probably log in to one of the graphical desktop environments such as

GNOME or KDE and do much of your work with the graphical applications, the

core of Linux use is the text manipulation and administration done from the

command line, within scripts, or using text editors such as vi and Emacs. Linux

remains largely a command-driven system, and this book continues to focus on

this level of usage; for many tasks, the command line is the most efficient and flex-

ible tool. In your day-to-day work, you’ll likely find yourself moving back and

forth between graphical programs and the commands listed in this book.

What This Book Offers | 5

Introduction

Every distribution of Linux is slightly different. There are variations in directory

structure, choice of standard utilities, and software versions, but you’ll find that

the commands we document are the ones you use most of the time, and that they

work the same on all distributions. Note, though, that some commands are only

available with certain devices or configurations, or have alternatives that may be

preferred in your environment. Basic commands, programming utilities, system

administration, and network administration are all covered. However, some areas

were so big that we had to leave them out. The many applications that depend on

the X Window System didn’t make the cut. Nor did the many useful program-

ming languages—such as Java, Perl, and Python—with which users can vastly

expand the capabilities of their systems. XML isn’t covered here, either. These

subjects would stretch the book out of its binding.

Linux in a Nutshell doesn’t teach you Linux—it is, after all, a quick reference—

but novices as well as highly experienced users will find it of great value. When

you have some idea of what command you want but aren’t sure just how it works

or what combinations of options give you the exact output required, this book is

the place to turn. It can also be an eye-opener, making you aware of options that

you never knew about before.

Once you’ve installed Linux, the first thing you need to do is get to know the

common utilities run from the shell prompt. If you know absolutely nothing

about Unix, we recommend you read a basic guide (introductory chapters in the

O’Reilly books Learning Red Hat Enterprise Linux and Fedora, by Bill McCarty,

and Running Linux, mentioned previously, can get you started). This chapter and

Chapter 2 offer a context for understanding different kinds of commands

(including commands for programming, system administration, and network

administration). Chapter 3 is the central focus of the book, containing about one

half its bulk.

The shorter chapters immediately following Chapter 3 help you get your system

set up. Since most users do not want to completely abandon other operating

systems (whether a Microsoft Windows system or some Unix flavor), many users

opt for a dual-boot system, with Linux residing on the same computer as other

operating systems. Users can then boot to the system they need for a particular

job. Chapter 4 describes the commonly used booting options on Intel systems,

including LILO (Linux Loader) and GRUB (the GRand Unified Bootloader).

Chapter 5 covers the Red Hat package manager (rpm)—which is supported by

many distributions, including Red Hat Enterprise Linux, Fedora, SUSE, and

Mandriva—and the Debian package-management system, which is used by such

distributions as Ubuntu, Knoppix, and Gnoppix. It also describes some of the

frontend package-management tools that simplify package management and auto-

matically resolve dependencies. These tools include yum for rpm-based systems

and aptitude and synaptic for Debian-based systems. Package managers are

useful for installing and updating software; they make sure you have all the files

you need in the proper versions.

All commands are interpreted by the shell. The shell is simply a program that

accepts commands from the user and executes them. Different shells sometimes

use slightly different syntax to mean the same thing. Under Linux, the standard

shell is bash. Others, such as the ksh Korn shell, the tcsh enhanced C shell, and

Chapter 1: Introduction

zsh, are available. Chapter 6 provides thorough coverage of bash; you may decide

to read this chapter after you’ve used Linux for a while, because it mostly covers

powerful, advanced features that you’ll want when you’re a steady user. Chapter 7

covers pattern matching, which is used by the Linux text-editing utilities for

searching based on a pattern rather than an explicit string.

To get any real work done, you’ll have to learn some big, comprehensive utilities,

notably an editor and some scripting tools. Two major editors are used on Linux:

vi and Emacs. Emacs is covered in Chapter 8, and vi is discussed in Chapter 9.

Chapter 9 also describes vim, an extended version of vi, commonly found on

Linux systems. Chapters 10 and 11 cover two classic Unix tools for manipulating

text files on a line-by-line basis: sed and gawk (the GNU version of the tradi-

tional awk). O’Reilly offers separate books about these topics that you may find

valuable, as they are not known for being intuitive upon first use. (Emacs does

have an excellent built-in tutorial, though; to invoke it, press Ctrl-h followed by t

for “tutorial.”)

The Subversion and Git version control systems manage files so you can retrieve

old versions and maintain different versions simultaneously. Originally used by

programmers, who have complicated requirements for building and maintaining

applications, these tools have turned out to be valuable for anyone who main-

tains files of any type, particularly when coordinating a team of people. Version

control systems have become a distribution channel for thousands of free soft-

ware projects. Chapter 12 offers a brief overview of version control, including

basic terms and concepts. Chapter 13 presents Subversion commands, and

Chapter 14 presents Git commands.

Chapter 15 covers virtualization and examines several virtualization systems such

as Xen and VMWare and their command-line tools.

Our goal in producing this book is to provide convenience, and that means keeping

the book (relatively) small. It certainly doesn’t have everything the manual pages

have, but you’ll find that it has what you need 95 percent of the time. See the man

command in Chapter 3 for information on reading the manpages. They can also be

read with the info command, the GNU hypertext documentation reader, also

documented in Chapter 3.

Sources and Licenses

Some distributions contain the source code for Linux; it is also easily available for

download at http://www.kernel.org and elsewhere. Source code is similarly avail-

able for all the utilities on Linux (unless your vendor offers a commercial

application or library as a special enhancement). You may never bother looking at

the source code, but it’s key to Linux’s strength. Under the Linux license, the

source code has to be provided or made available by the vendor, and it permits

those who are competent at such things to fix bugs, provide advice about the

system’s functioning, and submit improvements that benefit everyone. The license

is the GNU project’s well-known General Public License, also known as the GPL

or “copyleft,” invented and popularized by the Free Software Foundation (FSF).

Beginner’s Guide | 7

Introduction

The FSF, founded by Richard Stallman, is a phenomenon that many people might

believe to be impossible if it did not exist. (The same goes for Linux, in fact—20

years ago, who would have imagined a robust operating system developed by

collaborators over the Internet and made freely redistributable?) One of the most

popular editors on Unix, GNU Emacs, comes from the FSF. So do gcc and g++

(C and C++ compilers), which for a while set the standard in the industry for

optimization and the creation of fast code. One of the most ambitious projects

within GNU is the GNOME desktop, which encompasses several useful general-

purpose libraries and applications that use these libraries to provide consistent

behavior and interoperability.

Dedicated to the sharing of software, the FSF provides all its code and documen-

tation on the Internet and allows anyone with a whim for enhancements to alter

the source code. One of its projects is the Debian distribution of Linux.

To prevent hoarding, the FSF requires that the source code for all enhancements

be distributed under the same GPL that it uses. This encourages individuals or

companies to make improvements and share them with others. The only thing

someone cannot do is add enhancements, withhold the source code, and then sell

the product as proprietary software. Doing so would be taking advantage of the

FSF and users of the GPL. You can find the text of the GPL in any software

covered by that license, or online at http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.

As we said earlier, many Linux tools come from BSD instead of GNU. BSD is also

free software. The license is significantly different, but that probably doesn’t

concern you as a user. The effect of the difference is that companies are permitted

to incorporate the software into their proprietary products, a practice that is

severely limited by the GNU license.

Beginner’s Guide

If you’re just beginning to work on a Linux system, the abundance of commands

might prove daunting. To help orient you, the following lists present a sampling

of commands on various topics.

Communication

Command Action

dig Query DNS server.

ftp File Transfer Protocol.

rsync Transfer files, particularly across a network.

scp Securely copy files to remote system.

sftp Secure file transfer program.

ssh Run shell or single command on remote system (secure).

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