零基础学习Linux：Linux From Scratch详解

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“Linux From Scratch.pdf 是一本英文高清PDF教程，旨在帮助零基础的学习者深入了解Linux系统。这本书由Gerard Beekmans创作，并由Matthew Burgess和Bruce Dubbs编辑，提供了从头构建Linux系统的详细指南。” 在《Linux From Scratch》（LFS）这本书中，作者们介绍了一种独特的学习Linux的方法，即从零开始构建自己的Linux发行版。这种实践性的学习方式让读者深入理解操作系统的工作原理，包括文件系统、编译器、内核以及各种系统工具的构建过程。本书的第7.6版强调了以下几个方面： 1. **前言**：提供书籍的背景信息，包括目标读者群体和编写目的。 2. **LFSTarget Architectures**：讨论了LFS支持的不同硬件架构，让读者了解如何在不同的平台上进行构建。 3. **LFS and Standards**：解释了LFS如何遵循Linux标准，以确保与现有的软件包和工具兼容。 4. **Rationale for Packages in the Book**：阐述了书中包含的软件包选择理由，这些包是构建基本Linux系统所必需的。 5. **Prerequisites**：列出了开始学习LFS之前需要满足的前提条件，包括主机系统的要求。 6. **Host System Requirements**：详细描述了构建LFS系统所需的主机系统配置。 7. **Typography**：介绍了书中的排版规则，帮助读者更好地理解和遵循指令。 8. **Structure**：解释了书籍的结构和章节安排，方便读者按部就班地学习。 9. **Errata**：提供了已知错误列表，以便及时修正和更新信息。 10. **Introduction**：引导读者进入Linux世界，介绍如何构建LFS系统，以及自上一版本以来的更新和变化。 11. **Preparing for the Build**：这部分详细指导如何为构建过程准备新的分区，包括创建新分区和格式化等步骤。在实际操作部分，读者将逐步学习如何从安装基础工具到构建编译器，再到编译和安装Linux内核，最后设置启动加载器，完成一个完整的可运行系统。此外，书中还提供了丰富的资源链接和帮助信息，以便在遇到问题时获取支持。通过《Linux From Scratch》，读者不仅可以掌握Linux系统的构建过程，还能提升解决问题的能力，深化对操作系统底层原理的理解。这本书对于想要深入学习Linux的开发者和技术爱好者来说是一份宝贵的参考资料。

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.6

xvi

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following HOWTOs:

• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although

it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install

software.

• The Linux Users' Guide http://tldp.org/pub/Linux/docs/ldp-archived/users-guide/

This guide covers the usage of assorted Linux software. This reference is also fairly old, but still valid.

Host System Requirements

Your host system should have the following software with the minimum versions indicated. This should not be an

issue for most modern Linux distributions. Also note that many distributions will place software headers into separate

packages, often in the form of “<package-name>-devel” or “<package-name>-dev”. Be sure to install those if your

distribution provides them.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.6

xvii

Earlier versions of the listed software packages may work, but has not been tested.

• Bash-3.2 (/bin/sh should be a symbolic or hard link to bash)

• Binutils-2.17 (Versions greater than 2.24 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Bison-2.3 (/usr/bin/yacc should be a link to bison or small script that executes bison)

• Bzip2-1.0.4

• Coreutils-6.9

• Diffutils-2.8.1

• Findutils-4.2.31

• Gawk-4.0.1 (/usr/bin/awk should be a link to gawk)

• GCC-4.1.2 including the C++ compiler, g++ (Versions greater than 4.9.1 are not recommended as they have not

been tested)

Note

On some distributions, there have been reports that some libraries used by gcc can be in an inconsistent

state and that this interferes with building some LFS packages. To check this, look in /usr/lib and

possibly /usr/lib64 for libgmp.la, libmpfr.la, and libmpc.la. Either all three should be present or absent,

but not only one or two. If the problem exists on your system, either rename or delete the .la files or

install the appropriate missing package.

• Glibc-2.5.1 (Versions greater than 2.20 are not recommended as they have not been tested)

• Grep-2.5.1a

• Gzip-1.3.12

• Linux Kernel-2.6.32

The reason for the kernel version requirement is that we specify that version when building glibc in Chapter 6 at

the recommendation of the developers. It is also required by udev.

If the host kernel is earlier than 2.6.32 you will need to replace the kernel with a more up to date version. There

are two ways you can go about this. First, see if your Linux vendor provides a 2.6.32 or later kernel package. If so,

you may wish to install it. If your vendor doesn't offer an acceptable kernel package, or you would prefer not to

install it, you can compile a kernel yourself. Instructions for compiling the kernel and configuring the boot loader

(assuming the host uses GRUB) are located in Chapter 8.

• M4-1.4.10

• Make-3.81

• Patch-2.5.4

• Perl-5.8.8

• Sed-4.1.5

• Tar-1.18

• Xz-5.0.0

Note that the symlinks mentioned above are required to build an LFS system using the instructions contained within this

book. Symlinks that point to other software (such as dash, mawk, etc.) may work, but are not tested or supported by the

LFS development team, and may require either deviation from the instructions or additional patches to some packages.

Linux From Scratch - Version 7.6

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the specific page being referred to. It should be noted

that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is

generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS System

Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in

this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit http://

www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/7.6/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and

apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

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