"IEEE 802.15.4标准：LR-WPAN的MAC和PHY规范"

802.15.4

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IEEE 802.15.4是一种技术标准，它规定了低速率无线个域网（LR-WPAN）的协议，包括物理层和媒体访问控制。该标准由IEEE 802.15工作组在2003年定义并维护。它作为Zigbee的基础，并且被诸如ISA100.11a、WirelessHART、MiWi、6LoWPAN、线程和SNAP规范所使用。这些规范通过在IEEE 802.15.4的基础上进一步扩展了标准，以满足各自的需求。 IEEE Std 802.15.4™-2006是该标准的修订版，其中包含了有关信息技术、系统间电信和信息交换、本地和城域网的特定要求的规范。它详细规定了低速率无线个域网的无线介质访问控制和物理层规范。该标准的重点在于提供一种低成本、低功耗的无线通信解决方案，适用于各种物联网应用。它的物理层规范为多种频率进行了定义，包括2.4 GHz、868 MHz和915 MHz。这使得IEEE 802.15.4协议成为了一个灵活的解决方案，适用于不同地区和不同应用场景的无线通信需求。在媒体访问控制层，IEEE 802.15.4规定了一种低功耗、低复杂度的协议，以实现多个设备之间的可靠通信。它采用了CSMA/CA（载波监听多路访问/碰撞避免）协议，以及一种低功耗睡眠模式，能够最大限度地延长设备的电池寿命。除了在物理层和媒体访问控制层进行规范外，IEEE 802.15.4还定义了一个扩展标准，即IEEE 802.15.4e。该扩展标准主要用于对802.15.4协议的时隙和同步进行了规范，以满足更严格的实时通信要求。总的来说，IEEE 802.15.4标准为低速率无线个域网提供了一种通用的、低成本的解决方案，适用于各种物联网应用。它的物理层和媒体访问控制层规范提供了灵活性和可靠性，使得它成为了众多物联网通信技术的基础。同时，它的低功耗特性也使得它成为了许多低功耗设备的首选通信协议。 IEEE 802.15.4标准的不断发展，将进一步推动物联网技术的进步和应用范围的扩大。

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A.1.2.2 When generated ........................................................................................... 228

A.1.2.3 Appropriate usage ........................................................................................ 228

A.1.3 MA-UNITDATA-STATUS.indication........................................................................ 229

A.1.3.1 Semantics of the service primitive............................................................... 229

A.1.3.2 When generated ........................................................................................... 229

A.1.3.3 Appropriate usage ........................................................................................ 229

Annex B (normative) CCM* mode of operation ......................................................................................... 231

B.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 231

B.2 Notation and representation ..................................................................................................... 231

B.2.1 Strings and string operations........................................................................................ 231

B.2.2 Integers, octets, and their representation ..................................................................... 231

B.3 Symmetric-key cryptographic building blocks........................................................................ 231

B.3.1 Block cipher................................................................................................................. 231

B.3.2 Mode of operation........................................................................................................ 232

B.4 Specification of generic CCM* mode of operation ................................................................. 232

B.4.1 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................................ 232

B.4.1.1 Input transformation .................................................................................... 233

B.4.1.2 Authentication transformation ..................................................................... 233

B.4.1.3 Encryption transformation ........................................................................... 234

B.4.2 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........................ 234

B.4.2.1 Decryption transformation........................................................................... 235

B.4.2.2 Authentication checking transformation...................................................... 235

B.4.3 Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 235

Annex C (informative) Test vectors for cryptographic building blocks...................................................... 237

C.1 AES block cipher ..................................................................................................................... 237

C.2 Mode of operation.................................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1 MAC beacon frame...................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1.1 Description................................................................................................... 237

C.2.1.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 238

C.2.1.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 240

C.2.2 MAC data frame .......................................................................................................... 241

C.2.2.1 Description................................................................................................... 241

C.2.2.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 241

C.2.2.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 243

C.2.3 MAC command frame ................................................................................................. 245

C.2.3.1 Description................................................................................................... 245

C.2.3.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 245

C.2.3.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 247

Annex D (normative) Protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma ........................ 251

D.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 251

D.1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................ 251

D.1.2 Purpose......................................................................................................................... 251

D.2 Abbreviations and special symbols.......................................................................................... 251

D.3 Instructions for completing the PICS proforma....................................................................... 252

D.4 Identification of the implementation........................................................................................ 252

D.5 Identification of the protocol ................................................................................................... 253

D.6 Global statement of conformance ............................................................................................ 253

D.7 PICS proforma tables............................................................................................................... 254

D.7.1 Major roles for devices compliant with IEEE Std 802.15.4-2006............................... 254

D.7.2 Major capabilities for the PHY.................................................................................... 255

D.7.2.1 PHY functions.............................................................................................. 255

D.7.2.2 PHY packet .................................................................................................. 255

D.7.2.3 Radio frequency (RF) .................................................................................. 256

D.7.3 Major capabilities for the MAC sublayer .................................................................... 256

D.7.3.1 MAC sublayer functions.............................................................................. 256

D.7.3.2 MAC frames ................................................................................................ 258

Annex E (informative) Coexistence with other IEEE standards and proposed standards........................... 261

E.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 261

E.2 Standards and proposed standards characterized for coexistence............................................ 261

E.3 General coexistence issues....................................................................................................... 261

E.3.1 Clear channel assessment (CCA)................................................................................. 262

E.3.2 Modulation................................................................................................................... 262

E.3.2.1 2400 MHz band PHY .................................................................................. 262

E.3.2.2 800/900 MHz band PHYs............................................................................ 262

E.3.3 ED and LQI.................................................................................................................. 263

E.3.4 Low duty cycle.............................................................................................................263

E.3.5 Low transmit power ..................................................................................................... 263

E.3.5.1 2400 MHz band PHY .................................................................................. 263

E.3.5.2 800 MHz band PHYs................................................................................... 263

E.3.5.3 900 MHz band PHYs................................................................................... 264

E.3.6 Channel alignment ....................................................................................................... 264

E.3.7 Dynamic channel selection .......................................................................................... 264

E.3.8 Neighbor piconet capability......................................................................................... 264

E.4 2400 MHz band coexistence performance............................................................................... 265

E.4.1 Assumptions for coexistence quantification ................................................................ 265

E.4.1.1 Channel model ............................................................................................. 265

E.4.1.2 Receiver sensitivity...................................................................................... 266

E.4.1.3 Transmit power ............................................................................................ 266

E.4.1.4 Receiver bandwidth ..................................................................................... 266

E.4.1.5 Transmit spectral masks............................................................................... 266

E.4.1.6 IEEE 802.11b transmit PSD ........................................................................ 267

E.4.1.7 Interference characteristics .......................................................................... 267

E.4.1.8 Bit error rate (BER) calculations ................................................................. 267

E.4.1.9 Packet error rate (PER) ................................................................................ 268

E.4.2 BER model................................................................................................................... 268

E.4.3 Coexistence simulation results..................................................................................... 268

E.5 800/900 MHz bands coexistence performance........................................................................ 273

E.5.1 Victims and assailants.................................................................................................. 273

E.5.2 Bandwidth.................................................................................................................... 273

E.5.3 Path loss model ............................................................................................................273

E.5.4 Temporal model........................................................................................................... 274

E.5.5 Coexistence assurance results...................................................................................... 275

E.5.5.1 868 MHz BPSK PHY .................................................................................. 275

E.5.5.2 868 MHz O-QPSK PHY.............................................................................. 276

E.5.5.3 868 MHz PSSS PHY ................................................................................... 278

E.5.5.4 915 MHz BPSK PHY .................................................................................. 279

E.5.5.5 915 MHz O-QPSK PHY.............................................................................. 280

E.5.5.6 915 MHz PSSS PHY ................................................................................... 281

E.6 Notes on the calculations ......................................................................................................... 282

Annex F (informative) IEEE 802.15.4 regulatory requirements ................................................................. 283

F.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 283

F.2 Applicable U.S. (FCC) rules.................................................................................................... 285

F.2.1 Section 15.35 of FCC CFR47 ...................................................................................... 285

F.2.2 Section 15.209 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 287

F.2.3 Section 15.205 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 287

F.2.4 Section 15.247 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 288

F.2.5 Section 15.249 of FCC CFR47 .................................................................................... 289

F.3 Applicable European rules....................................................................................................... 290

F.3.1 European 2400 MHz band rules .................................................................................. 291

F.3.2 European 868–870 MHz band rules ............................................................................ 292

F.4 Applicable Japanese rules........................................................................................................ 294

F.5 Emissions specification analysis with respect to known worldwide regulations .................... 295

F.5.1 General analysis and impact of detector bandwidth and averaging rules.................... 295

F.5.2 Frequency spreading and averaging effects specific to IEEE Std 802.15.4 ................ 297

F.6 Summary of out-of-band spurious emissions limits ................................................................ 299

F.7 Phase noise requirements inferred from regulatory limits....................................................... 300

F.8 Summary of transmission power levels ................................................................................... 301

Annex G (informative) Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 303

G.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 303

G.2 Regulatory documents ............................................................................................................. 304

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