SCons用户指南：从安装到基础构建

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SCons User Guide 是一份详细的用户手册，由 Steven Knight 编写，适用于 SCons 版本 1.3.0。SCons 是一个强大的构建工具，它基于 Python 语言，旨在简化软件项目的构建过程，特别适用于 C/C++ 和 Java 等语言的应用程序。该文档于 2004 年至 2008 年间发布，版权属于 Steven Knight。文档内容分为几个关键部分： 1. **SCons原则**：这部分概述了 SCons 的核心理念，包括其自动依赖追踪、灵活性和易用性。它提倡通过声明式编程方式来定义构建规则，而不是命令式的 Makefile。 2. **关于指南完整性的告诫**：作者提醒读者，虽然手册尽力提供全面的信息，但可能无法涵盖所有 SCons 的特性或特定环境下的细节，建议读者在遇到未提及的问题时查阅官方文档或在线资源。 3. **致谢**：列出对那些对 SCons 发展做出贡献的人表示感谢的部分。 4. **联系方式**：提供作者和其他与 SCons 相关的支持途径，以便用户寻求帮助或报告问题。 **第一部分：安装和配置 SCons**： - **安装Python**：SCons 基于 Python，因此首先需要安装支持的 Python 解释器。 - **预构建包安装**： - 对于 Red Hat 和 RPM 根据的 Linux 系统，指导用户如何从官方源或第三方仓库安装 SCons。 - Debian Linux 系统也有类似的安装步骤。 - 对于 Windows 系统，提供了特定的安装指南。 - **自定义安装**：包括并行安装多个 SCons 版本、选择不同的安装路径以及在没有管理员权限的情况下进行安装。 **第二部分：基础构建**： - **构建简单C/C++程序**：介绍了如何使用 SCons 构建基本的 C 或 C++ 项目，包括编译、链接等步骤。 - **对象文件构建**：讲解如何处理目标文件的生成和管理。 - **Java构建**：针对 Java 项目的构建，包括 Java 源代码的处理和编译。 - **清理构建**：如何执行清理任务，即删除上一次构建的临时文件。 - **SConstruct文件**：这是 SCons 的核心，它定义了项目的构建逻辑。SConstruct 文件包含了一系列的命令和规则，用于配置构建过程。 2.5.1 **SConstruct**：这一节深入解析 SConstruct 文件的结构和编写方法，包括如何指定源代码文件、依赖关系、构建目标等。这份用户指南是 SCons 开发者和潜在用户的必备参考，涵盖了从安装到使用的基础构建流程，以及 SConstruct 文件的编写技巧，有助于理解和掌握 SCons 的工作原理和最佳实践。

Chapter 2. Simple Builds

In this chapter, you will see several examples of very simple build conﬁgurations using SCons, which

will demonstrate how easy it is to use SCons to build programs from several different programming

languages on different types of systems.

2.1. Building Simple C / C++ Programs

Here’s the famous "Hello, World!" program in C:

int

main()

{

printf("Hello, world!\n");

}

And here’s how to build it using SCons. Enter the following into a ﬁle named SConstruct:

Program(’hello.c’)

This minimal conﬁguration ﬁle gives SCons two pieces of information: what you want to build (an

executable program), and the input ﬁle from which you want it built (the hello.c ﬁle). Program is a

builder_method, a Python call that tells SCons that you want to build an executable program.

That’s it. Now run the scons command to build the program. On a POSIX-compliant system like Linux

or UNIX, you’ll see something like:

% scons

scons: Reading SConscript files ...

scons: done reading SConscript files.

scons: Building targets ...

cc -o hello.o -c hello.c

cc -o hello hello.o

scons: done building targets.

On a Windows system with the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler, you’ll see something like:

C:\>scons

scons: Reading SConscript files ...

scons: done reading SConscript files.

scons: Building targets ...

cl /Fohello.obj /c hello.c /nologo

Chapter 2. Simple Builds

2.5.2. SCons Functions Are Order-Independent

One important way in which the SConstruct ﬁle is not exactly like a normal Python script, and is more

like a Makefile, is that the order in which the SCons functions are called in the SConstruct ﬁle does

not affect the order in which SCons actually builds the programs and object ﬁles you want it to build.

other words, when you call the Program builder (or any other builder method), you’re not telling SCons

to build the program at the instant the builder method is called. Instead, you’re telling SCons to build the

program that you want, for example, a program built from a ﬁle named hello.c, and it’s up to SCons to

build that program (and any other ﬁles) whenever it’s necessary. (We’ll learn more about how SCons

decides when building or rebuilding a ﬁle is necessary in Chapter 6, below.)

SCons reﬂects this distinction between calling a builder method like Program and actually building the

program by printing the status messages that indicate when it’s "just reading" the SConstruct ﬁle, and

when it’s actually building the target ﬁles. This is to make it clear when SCons is executing the Python

statements that make up the SConstruct ﬁle, and when SCons is actually executing the commands or

other actions to build the necessary ﬁles.

Let’s clarify this with an example. Python has a print statement that prints a string of characters to the

screen. If we put print statements around our calls to the Program builder method:

print "Calling Program(’hello.c’)"

Program(’hello.c’)

print "Calling Program(’goodbye.c’)"

Program(’goodbye.c’)

print "Finished calling Program()"

Then when we execute SCons, we see the output from the print statements in between the messages

about reading the SConscript ﬁles, indicating that that is when the Python statements are being

executed:

% scons

scons: Reading SConscript files ...

Calling Program(’hello.c’)

Calling Program(’goodbye.c’)

Finished calling Program()

scons: done reading SConscript files.

scons: Building targets ...

cc -o goodbye.o -c goodbye.c

cc -o goodbye goodbye.o

cc -o hello.o -c hello.c

cc -o hello hello.o

scons: done building targets.

Notice also that SCons built the goodbye program ﬁrst, even though the "reading SConscript" output

shows that we called Program(’hello.c’) ﬁrst in the SConstruct ﬁle.

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