新手指南：简易Linux基础教材

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"《Linux Fundamentals》是由Paul Cobbaut编著的一本面向初级Linux系统管理员的实用教程，于2015年5月24日发布。该书强调了实践学习的重要性，鼓励读者在阅读的同时操作实际的Linux计算机，以便即时练习每个命令。这本书特别适合那些希望深入了解Linux系统的新手，无论是企业环境中的管理员还是对自家Linux系统感兴趣的个人用户。书中并未侧重于介绍Linux桌面应用，如文本编辑器、浏览器、邮件客户端、多媒体或办公软件，而是专注于系统的底层原理和管理知识。作者Paul Cobbaut可以通过电子邮件paul.cobbaut@gmail.com或者LinkedIn个人资料（<http://www.linkedin.com/in/cobbaut>）获取更多信息或交流。项目中的其他贡献者包括Serge van Ginderachter，他在构建脚本和基础设施设置方面有所贡献，联系地址为serge@ginsys.eu；Ywein VandenBrande负责版权和法律部分，可联系ywein@crealaw.eu；Hendrik DeVloed的工作主要体现在buildheader.pl脚本上，其邮箱为hendrik.devloed@ugent.be。此外，书的编写也得到了Wouter Verhelst等多位审阅者的宝贵反馈，他们的专业意见确保了内容的质量和实用性。通过链接<http://linux-training.be>，读者可以免费获取更多关于这本书的详细信息以及PDF版本，进一步提升自己的Linux技能。这本书对于希望在Linux世界入门并深化理解的读者来说，是一份极具价值的学习资源。"

Chapter 2. distributions

This chapter gives a short overview of current Linux distributions.

A Linux distribution is a collection of (usually open source) software on top of a Linux

kernel. A distribution (or short, distro) can bundle server software, system management

tools, documentation and many desktop applications in a central secure software

repository. A distro aims to provide a common look and feel, secure and easy software

management and often a specific operational purpose.

Let's take a look at some popular distributions.

licensing

3.1. about software licenses

There are two predominant software paradigms: Free and Open Source Software (FOSS)

and proprietary software. The criteria for differentiation between these two approaches is

based on control over the software. With proprietary software, control tends to lie more

with the vendor, while with Free and Open Source Software it tends to be more weighted

towards the end user. But even though the paradigms differ, they use the same copyright

laws to reach and enforce their goals. From a legal perspective, Free and Open Source

Software can be considered as software to which users generally receive more rights via

their license agreement than they would have with a proprietary software license, yet the

underlying license mechanisms are the same.

Legal theory states that the author of FOSS, contrary to the author of public domain

software, has in no way whatsoever given up his rights on his work. FOSS supports on the

rights of the author (the copyright) to impose FOSS license conditions. The FOSS license

conditions need to be respected by the user in the same way as proprietary license conditions.

Always check your license carefully before you use third party software.

Examples of proprietary software are AIX from IBM, HP-UX from HP and Oracle

Database 11g. You are not authorised to install or use this software without paying a

licensing fee. You are not authorised to distribute copies and you are not authorised to modify

the closed source code.

3.2. public domain software and freeware

Software that is original in the sense that it is an intellectual creation of the author benefits

protection and can, in principle, be used freely.

Public domain software is considered as software to which the author has given up all rights

and on which nobody is able to enforce any rights. This software can be used, reproduced or

executed freely, without permission or the payment of a fee. Public domain software can in

certain cases even be presented by third parties as own work, and by modifying the original

work, third parties can take certain versions of the public domain software out of the public

domain again.

Freeware is not public domain software or FOSS. It is proprietary software that you can use

without paying a license cost. However, the often strict license terms need to be respected.

Examples of freeware are Adobe Reader, Skype and Command and Conquer: Tiberian

Sun (this game was sold as proprietary in 1999 and is since 2011 available as freeware).

3.3. Free Software or Open Source Software

Both the Free Software (translates to vrije software in Dutch and to Logiciel Libre in

French) and the Open Source Software movement largely pursue similar goals and endorse

similar software licenses. But historically, there has been some perception of differentiation

due to different emphases. Where the Free Software movement focuses on the rights (the

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