Methods
Systematic Literature Review Framework
Systematic review is a widely accepted and replicable methodology for collecting and
analysing scientific literature. The process seeks to decrease the potential for bias
during article selection and enhances the transparency of the reviewer’s decisions and
findings (Tranfield et al. 2003). Systematic review frameworks offer detailed protocols
that reviewers must follow throughout all stages of the process. This review utilised the
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)
framework. Below we outline the literature search processes, inclusion and exclusion
criteria, and the stages of eligibility.
Literature Search
To ensure the full breadth of international and multi-disciplinary literature was covered
in the review, four databases were searched: SPORTdiscus, EBSCO, Web of Science,
and SCOPUS. The keywords ‘sport’, ‘physical activity’,and‘exercise’ were combined
with migrant and cultural capital descriptors to allow for a comprehensive search with a
greater scope of articles. Migrant descriptor keywords included the following: minorit*,
diaspora, ethnic, refugee, migrant, immigrant, newly arrived, and CALD. To capture
(embodied) cultural capital, the following keywords were included: cultural capital,
education, knowledge, skill, language, resilience, confidence, cultural awareness, ac-
culturation, cultural norm, cultural competence, and cultural taste. The keywords were
developed from the research literature and existing conceptualisations of cultural capital
(e.g. Spaaij 2011), and were restricted to facets of cultural capital. As such, broader
concepts such as ‘integration’ were excluded from the search criteria. We acknowledge
that various facets of cultural capital intersect with the numerous integration outcomes;
however, we decided to focus primarily on specific facets of cultural capital as,
discursively, integration has been described as a concept primarily concerned with
economic and social capital (Ager and Strang 2008), thus neglecting diverse facets of
cultural capital. A total of 4663 papers were collected through the comprehensive
database search. Google Scholar was used as a cross-reference, which led to the
identification of an additional 32 papers. A total of 1655 duplicates were removed,
leaving 3040 papers.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
In line with the PRISMA framework, detailed inclusion and exclusion criteria were
applied. The criteria were developed building on O’Driscoll et al. (2014)reviewof
sport and physical activity participation among CALD population groups. Peer-
reviewed scholarly papers, published between 1990 and 2016 (inclusive) and written
in English, were assessed for their suitability in the review. The time restriction reflects
the fact that, prior to 1990, minimal published research had been conducted in this area.
Earlier research typically focused on the experiences of European cohorts, who previ-
ously made up the greatest proportion of migrant flows. The focus of our study was on
CALD populations who experienced or who are experiencing migration. Therefore,
Smith R. et al.