8051微控制器基础概念、硬件、软件和电子应用

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8051微控制器基础概念、硬件、软件和电子应用 8051微控制器是 Intel 公司在1980年代开发的一种基于CISC架构的8位微控制器，自从其问世以来，就广泛应用于各种领域，如工业自动化、医疗设备、消费电子产品等。由于其高性能、低功耗、低成本和可靠性等特点，8051微控制器已经成为微控制器市场的领头羊之一。 **基本概念** * 微控制器（Microcontroller）：一种小型计算机系统，集成了中央处理器、存储器和输入/输出接口于一体。 * 8051微控制器：一种基于CISC架构的8位微控制器，由Intel公司开发，具有高性能、低功耗和低成本等特点。 **硬件架构** * 8051微控制器的硬件架构主要包括： + 中央处理器单元（CPU）：执行指令和数据处理的核心部分。 + 存储器：包括程序存储器（ROM）、数据存储器（RAM）和扩展存储器（EPROM）。 + 输入/输出接口：包括数字输入/输出端口、串行通信接口、定时器/计数器等。 **软件应用** * 8051微控制器的软件应用非常广泛，包括： + 嵌入式系统：如家电、工业自动化、医疗设备等。 + 可编程逻辑控制器（PLC）：用于工业自动化和过程控制。 + 医疗设备：如植入式医疗设备（IMD）等。 **硬件应用** * 8051微控制器的硬件应用非常广泛，包括： + 工业自动化：如机器人、自动化生产线等。 + 医疗设备：如植入式医疗设备（IMD）、医疗监测设备等。 + 消费电子产品：如智能家电、游戏机等。 **电子应用** * 8051微控制器在电子应用中的应用非常广泛，包括： + 数字信号处理：如音频处理、图像处理等。 + 微机电系统（MEMS）：如感知器、执行器等。 + 电子仪表：如oscilloscope、逻辑分析仪等。 **发展历程** * 8051微控制器的发展历程可以追溯到1980年代，Intel公司开发的第一代8051微控制器。 * 1990年代，8051微控制器的应用范围扩展到工业自动化、医疗设备等领域。 * 2000年代，8051微控制器的应用范围进一步扩展到消费电子产品、机器人等领域。 **结论** 8051微控制器是一种功能强大、性能出色的微控制器，广泛应用于工业自动化、医疗设备、消费电子产品等领域。其高性能、低功耗和低成本等特点使其在微控制器市场中占据着重要的地位。

Table 1.5 ASCII Original (0–127) e Extended (128–255)

DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC DEC HEX ASC

0 0 NUL 64 40 @ 128 80 Ç

192

C0 + 32 20 SP 96 60 ` 160 A0 á 224 E0 Ó

1 1 SOH 65 41 A 129 81 ü 193 C1 - 33 21 ! 97 61 a 161 A1 í 225 E1 ß

2 2 STX 66 42 B 130 82 é 194 C2 - 34 22 " 98 62 b 162 A2 ó 226 E2 Ô

3 3 ETX 67 43 C 131 83 â 195 C3 + 35 23 # 99 63 c 163 A3 ú 227 E3 Ò

4 4 EOT 68 44 D 132 84 ä 196 C4 - 36 24 $ 100 64 d 164 A4 ñ 228 E4 õ

5 5 ENQ 69 45 E 133 85 à 197 C5 + 37 25 % 101 65 e 165 A5 Ñ 229 E5 Õ

6 6 ACK 70 46 F 134 86 å 198 C6 ã 38 26 & 102 66 f 166 A6 ª 230 E6 µ

7 7 BEL 71 47 G 135 87 ç 199 C7 Ã 39 27 ' 103 67 g 167 A7 º 231 E7 þ

8 8 BS 72 48 H 136 88 ê 200 C8 + 40 28 ( 104 68 h 168 A8 ¿ 232 E8 Þ

9 9 HT 73 49 I 137 89 ë 201 C9 + 41 28 ) 105 69 i 169 A9 ® 233 E9 Ú

10 A LF 74 4A J 138 8A è 202 CA - 42 2A * 106 6A j 170 AA ¬ 234 EA Û

11 B VT 75 4B K 139 8B ï 203 CB - 43 2B + 107 6B k 171 AB ½ 235 EB Ù

12 C FF 76 4C L 140 8C î 204 CC ¦ 44 2C , 108 6C l 172 AC ¼ 236 EC ý

13 D CR 77 4D M 141 8D ì 205 CD - 45 2D - 109 6D m 173 AD ¡ 237 ED Ý

14 E SO 78 4E N 142 8E Ä 206 CE + 46 2E . 110 6E n 174 AE « 238 EE ¯

15 F SI 79 4F O 143 8F Å 207 CF ¤ 47 2F / 111 6F o 175 AF » 239 EF ´

16 10 DLE 80 50 P 144 90 É 208 D0 ð 48 30 0 112 70 p 176 B0 _ 240 F0

17 11 DC1 81 51 Q 145 91 æ 209 D1 Ð 48 31 1 113 71 q 177 B1 _ 241 F1 ±

18 12 DC2 82 52 R 146 92 Æ 210 D2 Ê 50 32 2 114 72 r 178 B2 _ 242 F2 _

19 13 DC3 83 53 S 147 93 ô 211 D3 Ë 51 33 3 115 73 s 179 B3 ¦ 243 F3 ¾

20 14 DC4 84 54 T 148 94 ö 212 D4 È 52 34 4 116 74 t 180 B4 ¦ 244 F4 ¶

21 15 NAK 85 65 U 149 95 ò 213 D5 i 53 35 5 117 75 u 181 B5 Á 245 F5 §

22 16 SYN 86 56 V 150 96 û 214 D6 Í 54 36 6 118 76 v 182 B6 Â 246 F6 ÷

23 17 ETB 87 57 W 151 97 ù 215 D7 Î 55 37 7 119 77 w 183 B7 À 247 F7 ¸

24 18 CAN 88 58 X 152 98 ÿ 216 D8 Ï 56 38 8 120 78 x 184 B8 © 248 F8 °

25 19 EM 89 59 Y 153 99 Ö 217 D9 + 57 39 9 121 79 y 185 B9 ¦ 249 F9 ¨

26 1A SUB 90 5A Z 154 9A Ü 218 DA + 58 3A : 122 7A z 186 BA ¦ 250 FA ·

27 1B ESC 91 5B [ 155 9B ø 219 DB _ 59 3B ; 123 7B { 187 BB + 251 FB ¹

28 1C FS 92 5C \ 156 9C £ 220 DC _ 60 3C < 124 7C | 188 BC + 252 FC ³

29 1D GS 93 5D ] 157 9D Ø 221 DD ¦ 61 3D = 125 7D } 189 BD ¢ 253 FD ²

30 1E RS 94 5E ^ 158 9E × 222 DE Ì 62 3E > 126 7E ~ 190 BE ¥ 254 FE _

31 1F US 95 5F _ 159 9F ƒ 223 DF _ 63 3F ? 127 7F DEL 191 BF + 255 FF DEL

NUL null character, SOH beginning of transmission header, STX start of text, ETX end of text, EOT

end of transmission, ENQ interrogate, ACK conﬁrmation, BEL beep, BS returns a character, HT

horizontal tabulation, LF next line, VT vertical tabulation, FF next page, CR beginni ng of line, SO

shift-out, SI shift-in, DLE data escape link, D1 device control, D2 device control, D3 device control,

D4 device control, NAK negative conﬁrmation, SYN synchronous idle, ETB end of block transmis-

sion, CAN cancel, EM end of the transmission via, SUB replace, ESC escape, FS ﬁle separator, GS

group separator, RS register separator, and US unit separator [1]

Example 1 Convert 100

to an 8-bit binary.

Solution To represent the 8 bits from D

to D

,deﬁne the weight of each digit 2

¼ 128, 2

¼ 64, ... 2

¼ 1 and make the combination of zeros and ones in their

respective positions so that the sum gives the value 100

Sum

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

0 11001000.128 + 1.64 + 1.32 + 0.16 + 0.8 + 1.4 + 0.2 + 0.1 ¼ 100

The combination of 0s and 1s with their respective weights, 0.2

+ 1.2

+ 0.2

+ 1.2

+ 0.2

¼ 0 + 64 + 32 + 0 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 0, results in the

decimal number 100

[1].

The other method is called “successive divisions,” in which the decimal value

must be divided by the number base desired, keeping the rest of each division that

will be used to generate the number in the base desired. Besides, the quotient of the

previous division must be divided again by the base desired, until the new quotient

becomes equal to zero, alway s keeping the values of the rest s of these successive

divisions. The converted number will be formed by the rests found, starting from the

last rest found. The ﬂowchart of Fig. 1.3 illustrates the methodology of successive

divisions [1].

To illustrate, convert the number 100

to 8-bit binary. To implement the

solution, divide the number 100

by 2 (desired base). Keep the value of the rest

of this division (r

). Check that the quotient (q

) is different from zero. Since it is

nonzero, divide this quotient (q

) by 2 a gain and keep the rest of this new division

). Perform this procedure until the quotient becomes equal to zero. Arrange the

rests of the successive divisions as described above [1].

Comments Division Quotient (q) Rest (r) Bit

100/2 50 (q

)0(r

(LSB)

50/2 25 (q

)0(r

25/2 12 (q

)1(r

12/2 6 (q

)0(r

6/2 3 (q

)0(r

3/2 1 (q

)1(r

End of the successive divisions, due to q

being equal to zero 1/2 0 (q

)1(r

(MSB)

The result is given by a binary number consisting of 7 bits which is equal to

1100100

. Since an 8-bit binary was requested, only one zero should be added to the

left of that binary number. Therefore, the result is given by 01100100

¼ 64

[1].

1.3 Codes Conversion 9

Applying the second technique that is illustrated in Fig. 1.3, we have

Comments Division q r digit

100/16 6 (q

)4(r

)16

(LSB)

End of successive divisions 6/16 0 (q

)6(r

)16

(MSB)

Then the number in hexadecimal that corresponds to the number 100

is equal to

64h ¼ 64

1.3.4 Binary in BCD Conversion

It is a digital codiﬁcation of the computer systems in order to represent a decimal

number, which its decimal digit is represented by a binary number composed of

4 bits. For instance, the binary 2F

or 00101111

to be represented in BCD code, we

have to transform this number in decimal, which in this case is equal to 47

. After,

each decimal digit must be represented in binary, i.e., 0100 0111

¼ 47

BCD

[1].

1.3.5 BCD in Binary Conversion

As the BCD value is a decimal value, we have to use the procedu re describe in Sect.

1.3.2. To illustrate, consider the number 45

BCD

. First transform the BCD number in

decimal, i.e., 45

. After, we have to transform the decimal value in binary that is

equal to 00101101 that is equal to 2D

[1].

1.4 Memory

Its main function is to store digital data (binary numbers), which may be codes of

software or data of any type, such as code conversion tables, age of persons, values

corresponding to the customer’s checking account, predeﬁned temperature values at

which a machine must operate, a set of commands that controls the operation of any

machine (forward , puncture, stop, inject, etc.), a byte obtained by reading a temper-

ature sensor interface, etc. Memories are of supreme importance because they are an

integral part of the basic structure of computer systems [1–11].

There are different types of memories. They can present non-volatile

characteristics (they do not lose their data when they are de-energized: read-only

memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), erasable PROM (EPROM), electri-

cal EPROM (EEPROM, Flash)) or volatile (they lose their data when they are

de-energized: random-access memory (RAM), static RAM (SRAM) composed of

D ﬂip-ﬂops, and dynamic RAM (DRAM) composed of capacitors) [1–11].

Memories are made by information storage elements, i.e., keys, ﬂip-ﬂops,

capacitors, etc. They are accessed by three different groups of signals, called buses

(set of electrical connection paths/wires). The address bus is responsible for setting

1.4 Memory 11

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