Ansible入门指南：为DevOps打造简单高效的服务器与配置管理

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Introduction

In the beginning, there were sysadmins

Since the beginning of networked computing, deploying and managing

servers reliably and efficiently has been a challenge. Historically, system

administrators have typically been walled off from the developers and users

who interact with the systems they administer, and so they have had to

manage servers by hand, installing software, changing configurations, and

administering services on individual servers.

As data centers grew, and hosted applications became more complex,

administrators realized they couldn’t scale their manual systems management

as fast as the applications they were enabling. That’s why server provisioning

and configuration management tools came to flourish.

Server virtualization brought large-scale infrastructure management to the

fore, and the number of servers managed by one admin (or by a small team of

admins), has grown by an order of magnitude. Instead of deploying, patching,

and destroying every server by hand, admins now are expected to bring up

new servers, either automatically or with minimal intervention. Large-scale

IT deployments now may involve hundreds or thousands of servers; in many

of the largest environments, server provisioning, configuration, and

decommissioning are all entirely automated.

Modern infrastructure management

As the systems that run applications become an ever more complex and

integral part of the software they run, application developers themselves have

begun to integrate their work more fully with operations personnel. In many

companies, development and operations work is almost fully integrated.

Indeed, this integration can be a requirement for modern test-driven

application design.

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As a software developer by trade, and a sysadmin by necessity, I have seen

the power in uniting development and operations—more commonly referred

to now as DevOps. When developers begin to think of infrastructure as part

of their application, stability and performance become normative. When

sysadmins (most of whom have intermediate to advanced knowledge of the

applications and languages being used on servers they manage) work tightly

with developers, development velocity is improved, and more time can be

spent doing ‘fun’ activities like performance tuning, experimentation, and

getting things done, and less time putting out fires.

DevOps is a loaded word; some people argue that using the word to identify

both the movement of development and operations working more closely to

automate infrastructure-related processes, and the personnel who skew

slightly more towards the system administration side of the equation, dilutes

the word’s meaning. I think the word has come to be a rallying cry for the

employees who are dragging their startups, small businesses, and enterprises

into a new era of infrastructure growth and stability. I’m not too concerned

that the term has become more of a catch-all for modern infrastructure

management. My advice: spend less time arguing over the definition of the

word, and more time making it mean something to you.

Ansible and Ansible, Inc.

Ansible was released in 2012 by Michael DeHaan (@laserllama on Twitter),

a developer who has been working with configuration management and

infrastructure orchestration in one form or another for many years. Through

his work with Puppet Labs and RedHat (where he worked on Cobbler, a

configuration management tool and Func, a tool for communicating

commands to remote servers), and some other projects, he experienced the

trials and tribulations of many different organizations and individual

sysadmins on their quest to simplify and automate their infrastructure

management operations.

Additionally, Michael found many shops were using separate tools for

configuration management (Puppet, Chef, cfengine), server deployment

(Capistrano, Fabric), and ad-hoc task execution (Func, plain SSH), and

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wanted to see if there was a better way. Ansible wraps up all three of these

features into one tool, and does it in a way that’s actually simpler and more

consistent than any of the other task-specific tools!

Ansible aims to be:

1. Clear - Ansible uses a simple syntax (YAML) and is easy for anyone

(developers, sysadmins, managers) to understand. APIs are simple and

sensible.

2. Fast - Fast to learn, fast to set up—especially considering you don’t

need to install extra agents or daemons on all your servers!

3. Complete - Ansible does three things in one, and does them very well.

Ansible’s ‘batteries included’ approach means you have everything you

need in one complete package.

4. Efficient - No extra software on your servers means more resources for

your applications. Also, since Ansible modules work via JSON, you can

easily extend Ansible with modules in a programming language you

already know.

5. Secure - Ansible uses SSH, and requires no extra open ports or

potentially-vulnerable daemons on your servers.

Ansible also has a lighter side that gives the project a little personality. As an

example, Ansible’s major releases are named after Van Halen songs (e.g. 1.4

was named after 1980’s “Could This Be Magic”, and 1.5 after 1986’s “Love

Walks In”). Additionally, Ansible will use cowsay, if installed, to wrap output

in an ASCII cow’s speech bubble (this behavior can be disabled in Ansible’s

configuration).

Ansible, Inc. was founded by Saïd Ziouani (@SaidZiouani on Twitter) and

Michael DeHaan, and oversees core Ansible development and provides

support (such as Ansible Guru) and extra tooling (such as Ansible Tower) to

organizations using Ansible. Hundreds of individual developers have

contributed patches to Ansible, and Ansible is the most starred infrastructure

management tool on GitHub (with over 10,000 stars as of this writing).

Ansible, Inc. has proven itself to be a good steward and promoter of Ansible

so far, and I see no indication of this changing in the future.

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