经典指南：C语言入门与控制结构详解

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C语言教程是一本经典教材，由C语言的创始人或权威作者撰写，专为想要深入学习C编程的读者设计。这本书尤其适合那些有一定编程基础的读者，是C语言学习者的必读之作。它通过循序渐进的方式，帮助读者掌握C语言的基础知识和核心概念。第1章以一个实用的入门介绍开始，引导读者从安装环境到基本操作。章节内容包括如何启动项目（1.1 Getting Started），变量和算术表达式的理解（1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions），以及关键的控制结构如for循环（1.3 The for statement）。此外，书中还介绍了符号常量（1.4 Symbolic Constants）、字符输入输出及其应用，如文件复制（1.5.1 File Copying）、字符计数（1.5.2 Character Counting）等，还有行计数（1.5.3 Line Counting）和单词计数（1.5.4 Word Counting）示例，让学习者体验实际操作。数组（1.6 Arrays）作为数据存储的重要方式，被详细讲解。随后，函数的概念和用法被引入，包括参数传递机制——按值调用（1.8 Arguments - Call by Value），以及字符数组的处理（1.9 Character Arrays）。外部变量和作用域（1.10 External Variables and Scope）也在此部分讨论，强调代码组织和逻辑的清晰性。第二章深入探讨类型、运算符和表达式，涵盖了变量名的命名规则（2.1 Variable Names）、不同数据类型和它们的大小（2.2 Data Types and Sizes），以及常量的使用（2.3 Constants）。声明语句（2.4 Declarations）是关键，接着介绍了各种运算符，如算术运算符（2.5 Arithmetic Operators）、关系和逻辑运算符（2.6 Relational and Logical Operators），以及类型转换（2.7 Type Conversions）。此外，递增和递减运算符（2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators）、位操作符（2.9 Bitwise Operators）、赋值运算符和表达式（2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions）也不容忽视。条件表达式（2.11 Conditional Expressions）和运算符优先级及求值顺序（2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation）则帮助读者理解代码的执行逻辑。第三章聚焦于控制流程，详细讲解了语句和块的结构（3.1 Statements and Blocks），条件语句（如if-else和嵌套的else-if）（3.2 If-Else, 3.3 Else-If），switch语句（3.4 Switch），以及while和for循环（3.5 Loops - While and For）。do-while循环（3.6 Loops - Do-While）、break和continue语句（3.7 Break and Continue）以及跳转与标签（3.8 Goto and labels）则展示了程序控制的灵活性。最后一章4-Functions and Program Structure，主要讲述函数的创建、调用以及程序的整体结构，这对于模块化编程和提高代码复用性至关重要。通过这些章节的学习，读者将能够构建和理解功能丰富的C语言程序，并逐步提升编程技能。这本C语言教程提供了扎实的基础理论和实践案例，适合初学者系统学习和经验丰富的程序员巩固知识，是C语言学习道路上不可或缺的参考资料。

Width and precision may be omitted from a specification: %6f says that the number is to be at

least six characters wide; %.2f specifies two characters after the decimal point, but the width

is not constrained; and %f merely says to print the number as floating point.

print as decimal integer

%6d

print as decimal integer, at least 6 characters wide

print as floating point

%6f

print as floating point, at least 6 characters wide

%.2f

print as floating point, 2 characters after decimal point

%6.2f

print as floating point, at least 6 wide and 2 after decimal point

Among others, printf also recognizes %o for octal, %x for hexadecimal, %c for character, %s

for character string and %% for itself.

Exercise 1-3. Modify the temperature conversion program to print a heading above the table.

Exercise 1-4. Write a program to print the corresponding Celsius to Fahrenheit table.

1.3 The for statement

There are plenty of different ways to write a program for a particular task. Let's try a variation

on the temperature converter.

#include <stdio.h>

/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */

main()

{

int fahr;

for (fahr = 0; fahr <= 300; fahr = fahr + 20)

printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));

}

This produces the same answers, but it certainly looks different. One major change is the

elimination of most of the variables; only fahr remains, and we have made it an int. The

lower and upper limits and the step size appear only as constants in the for statement, itself a

new construction, and the expression that computes the Celsius temperature now appears as

the third argument of

printf instead of a separate assignment statement.

This last change is an instance of a general rule - in any context where it is permissible to use

the value of some type, you can use a more complicated expression of that type. Since the

third argument of

printf must be a floating-point value to match the %6.1f, any floating-

point expression can occur here.

The for statement is a loop, a generalization of the while. If you compare it to the earlier

while, its operation should be clear. Within the parentheses, there are three parts, separated

by semicolons. The first part, the initialization

fahr = 0

is done once, before the loop proper is entered. The second part is the

test or condition that controls the loop:

fahr <= 300

This condition is evaluated; if it is true, the body of the loop (here a single ptintf) is

executed. Then the increment step

fahr = fahr + 20

is executed, and the condition re-evaluated. The loop terminates if the condition has become

false. As with the while, the body of the loop can be a single statement or a group of

statements enclosed in braces. The initialization, condition and increment can be any

expressions.

The choice between

while and for is arbitrary, based on which seems clearer. The for is

usually appropriate for loops in which the initialization and increment are single statements

and logically related, since it is more compact than while and it keeps the loop control

statements together in one place.

Exercise 1-5. Modify the temperature conversion program to print the table in reverse order,

that is, from 300 degrees to 0.

1.4 Symbolic Constants

A final observation before we leave temperature conversion forever. It's bad practice to bury

``magic numbers'' like 300 and 20 in a program; they convey little information to someone

who might have to read the program later, and they are hard to change in a systematic way.

One way to deal with magic numbers is to give them meaningful names. A #define line

defines a symbolic name or symbolic constant to be a particular string of characters:

#define name replacement list

Thereafter, any occurrence of name (not in quotes and not part of another name) will be

replaced by the corresponding replacement text. The name has the same form as a variable

name: a sequence of letters and digits that begins with a letter. The replacement text can be

any sequence of characters; it is not limited to numbers.

#include <stdio.h>

#define LOWER 0 /* lower limit of table */

#define UPPER 300 /* upper limit */

#define STEP 20 /* step size */

/* print Fahrenheit-Celsius table */

main()

{

int fahr;

for (fahr = LOWER; fahr <= UPPER; fahr = fahr + STEP)

printf("%3d %6.1f\n", fahr, (5.0/9.0)*(fahr-32));

}

The quantities LOWER, UPPER and STEP are symbolic constants, not variables, so they do not

appear in declarations. Symbolic constant names are conventionally written in upper case so

they can ber readily distinguished from lower case variable names. Notice that there is no

semicolon at the end of a #define line.

1.5 Character Input and Output

We are going to consider a family of related programs for processing character data. You will

find that many programs are just expanded versions of the prototypes that we discuss here.

The model of input and output supported by the standard library is very simple. Text input or

output, regardless of where it originates or where it goes to, is dealt with as streams of

characters. A text stream is a sequence of characters divided into lines; each line consists of

zero or more characters followed by a newline character. It is the responsibility of the library

to make each input or output stream confirm this model; the C programmer using the library

need not worry about how lines are represented outside the program.

The standard library provides several functions for reading or writing one character at a time,

of which

getchar and putchar are the simplest. Each time it is called, getchar reads the

next input character from a text stream and returns that as its value. That is, after

c = getchar();

the variable c contains the next character of input. The characters normally come from the

keyboard; input from files is discussed in Chapter 7.

The function

putchar prints a character each time it is called:

putchar(c);

prints the contents of the integer variable c as a character, usually on the screen. Calls to

putchar and printf may be interleaved; the output will appear in the order in which the calls

are made.

1.5.1 File Copying

Given getchar and putchar, you can write a surprising amount of useful code without

knowing anything more about input and output. The simplest example is a program that

copies its input to its output one character at a time:

read a character

while (charater is not end-of-file indicator)

output the character just read

read a character

Converting this into C gives:

#include <stdio.h>

/* copy input to output; 1st version */

main()

{

int c;

c = getchar();

while (c != EOF) {

putchar(c);

c = getchar();

}

The relational operator != means ``not equal to''.

What appears to be a character on the keyboard or screen is of course, like everything else,

stored internally just as a bit pattern. The type

char is specifically meant for storing such

character data, but any integer type can be used. We used int for a subtle but important

reason.

The problem is distinguishing the end of input from valid data. The solution is that getchar

returns a distinctive value when there is no more input, a value that cannot be confused with

any real character. This value is called EOF, for ``end of file''. We must declare c to be a type

big enough to hold any value that getchar returns. We can't use char since c must be big

enough to hold EOF in addition to any possible char. Therefore we use int.

EOF is an integer defined in <stdio.h>, but the specific numeric value doesn't matter as long as

it is not the same as any char value. By using the symbolic constant, we are assured that

nothing in the program depends on the specific numeric value.

The program for copying would be written more concisely by experienced C programmers. In

C, any assignment, such as

c = getchar();

is an expression and has a value, which is the value of the left hand side after the assignment.

This means that a assignment can appear as part of a larger expression. If the assignment of a

character to c is put inside the test part of a while loop, the copy program can be written this

way:

#include <stdio.h>

/* copy input to output; 2nd version */

main()

{

int c;

while ((c = getchar()) != EOF)

putchar(c);

}

The while gets a character, assigns it to c, and then tests whether the character was the end-

of-file signal. If it was not, the body of the

while is executed, printing the character. The

while then repeats. When the end of the input is finally reached, the while terminates and so

does

main.

This version centralizes the input - there is now only one reference to getchar - and shrinks

the program. The resulting program is more compact, and, once the idiom is mastered, easier

to read. You'll see this style often. (It's possible to get carried away and create impenetrable

code, however, a tendency that we will try to curb.)

The parentheses around the assignment, within the condition are necessary. The precedence

!= is higher than that of =, which means that in the absence of parentheses the relational

test != would be done before the assignment =. So the statement

c = getchar() != EOF

is equivalent to

c = (getchar() != EOF)

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