GNU/Linux命令行工具概览与索引

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"GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary" 是由Gareth Anderson和Chris Karakas编写的权威指南，它详细介绍了在GNU/Linux系统上使用的命令行工具。作为GNU开源组织官方的学习文档，这份资料对于理解Linux操作系统的终端交互、提高效率以及进行基础编程任务具有很高的价值。本书的修订历史反映了作者们的持续努力，从1.0版本的发布开始，历经多次迭代。在 Revision 1.0中，Gareth Anderson对文档进行了重大重构，将其转换成DocBook格式，删除了部分内容并修订了其他章节，这一版被视为作者可能的最终版本，他期望这份指南能被广大用户所用，而自己则不再继续更新。在后续的版本中，如Revision 1.1和1.2，主要关注了修正错别字、生成更精确的索引（例如在Revision 1.1中有9000个条目），以及优化数学模式中的特殊字符处理。Revision 0.7.1特别针对PDF和PS文档制作，使用了Computer Modern字体，并确保了关键组合键的正确表示。 "Command-Line Tools Summary"的内容涵盖了广泛的命令行工具，包括但不限于文件管理、文本编辑、编译工具、系统监控、网络操作等，这些都是Linux系统日常运维和开发者必不可少的基础技能。此外，文档还可能包含对bash shell、文本处理工具（如sed、awk）、版本控制工具（如git）、以及系统调用和脚本编写等方面的深入讲解。由于文档结构严谨，从基础入门到进阶实践都有涉及，读者可以根据自己的需求选择相应的章节进行学习。无论是新手还是经验丰富的Linux用户，都能从中受益匪浅。同时，因为文档是基于LyX转换并遵循DocBook SGML标准，这使得它不仅易于阅读，而且便于进一步的格式转换和扩展。 "GNU/Linux Command-Line Tools Summary"是一份全面且实用的参考文档，是Linux系统管理和开发人员必备的工具箱，帮助他们掌握命令行世界的精髓。随着技术的发展，它将持续提供最新的命令行工具和最佳实践，保持与Linux生态系统的同步。

The "\" character can also be used to stop bash from expanding certain symbols (as an alternative you

could use single quotation marks, although you may need to use both).

The TAB Key

Please note that using the TAB key (automatic−command−completion) will

automatically use escapes for spaces (so you don't have to type them manually).

script

The "script" command creates a typescript, or "capture log" of a shell session − it writes a copy of

your session to a file, including commands you type and their output.

~ (tilde character)

The tilde character is used as an alias to a users home directory.

For example, if your user−name was "fred", instead of typing cd /home/fred you could simply type cd

~. Or to get to fred's tmp directory (under his home directory) you could type cd ~/tmp.

Home directory shortcut

~ (tilde) can also be used as a shortcut to other users home directories, simply type:

~user_name and it will take you to the users home directory. Note that you need to

spell the username exactly correct, no wildcards.

set bell−style none

This particular set command will turn off the system bell from the command−line (use xset −b for X

windows). If you want the bell to stay off pernamently (no audible bell) then you can add this

command to your ".bashrc" or ".bash_profile" (just add it to the same one you have your alises in...).

reset

The reset command re−initializes your current terminal. This can be useful when the text from your

terminal becomes garbled, simply type "reset" and this will fix your terminal.

exit

Closes your current terminal (with x−terminals) or logs−out. Also try CTRL−D .

logout

Logs out of a terminal, also try CTRL−D .

echo

A little command that repeats anything you type.

Example:

echo "hello world"

Simply displays " hello world".

Example:

echo rm −R *

This will output what will be passed to the rm command (and therefore what would be deleted),

putting echo before a command renders it harmless (it just expands wildcards so you know what it

will do).

Also try using the −e option with echo. This will allow you to use the escape character sequences to

format the output of a line. Such as '\t' for tab, '\n' for newline etc.

GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary

Chapter 4. Shell Tips 11

What you will see in the console window is:

(reverse−i−search)`':

After you have typed what you are looking for, use the CTRL−R key combination to scroll backward

through the history.

Use CTRL−R repeatedly to find every reference to the string you've entered. Once you've found the

command you're looking for, use [Enter] to execute it.

Alternatively, using the right or left arrow keys will place the command on an actual command−line

so you can edit it.

4.3. Other Key combinations

GNU/Linux shells have many shortcut keys which you can use to speed up your work, below is a rough list of

some (also see CTRL−R in the history section of the commands, over here, Section 4.2).

CTRL−D

the "end−of−file" (EOF) key combination can be used to quickly log out of any terminal. CTRL−D is

also used in programs such as "at" to signal that you have finished typing your commands (the EOF

command).

CTRL−Z

key combination is used to stop a process. It can be used to put something in the background

temporarily.

For example, if you were editing a file with vim or emacs just press CTRL−Z to regain control of the

terminal do what you want and then type fg to bring it back.

For further information please see Section 9.3.

If fg doesn't work

If fg doesn't work you may need to type jobs and then fg job_name or fg job_number

CTRL−A and CTRL−E

These key combinations are used for going to the start and end of the line on the command line. Use

CTRL−A to jump to the start of the line, and CTRL−E to jump to the end of the line.

CTRL−K

This key combination can be used to cut or delete what is currently in front of the cursor.

CTRL−Y

This key combination can be used to paste the last thing you deleted (using CTRL−K or CTRL−W ).

CTRL−W

This key combination can be used to cut or delete the entire line that has being typed.

4.4. Virtual Terminals and screen

Using the key combination ALT−F* keys you may change to different virtual terminals. You will have

several (usually 6) virtual terminals setup with shells. Number 7 is usually setup with X you need to use

CTRL−ALT−F* to change to a terminal from within X (X as in the X windowing system).

screen

GNU/Linux Command−Line Tools Summary

Chapter 4. Shell Tips 13

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