2015年4月版HEVC(H.265)官方视频编码标准详解

2015

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"HEVC(H.265) 官方标准 2015年4月版" HEVC（High Efficiency Video Coding），也称为H.265，是国际电信联盟（ITU-T）于2015年4月发布的一项视频编码标准，旨在提高视频压缩效率，以适应高清、超高清甚至8K视频传输的需求。相比于其前一代标准H.264（AVC），HEVC在相同的视频质量下，可以将数据压缩率提升大约一倍，大大降低了带宽需求，这对于移动设备、在线流媒体服务以及存储空间有限的环境尤其重要。 HEVC标准属于ITU-T H.26x系列中的H.265，这个系列涵盖了音频、视频和多媒体系统的各个方面。H.265标准的制定是基于多个技术领域的创新，包括更复杂的熵编码、更高效的运动补偿、多参考帧预测、更细粒度的块划分以及更强大的去块效应滤波等。这些技术的结合使得HEVC能够更有效地处理视频数据，减少冗余信息，并优化编码效率。标准文档中提到的H.200到H.299系列推荐涵盖了音频视觉服务的基础设施、传输复用与同步、系统方面、通信程序、编码移动视频、相关系统方面、音频视觉服务的系统和终端设备、以及针对多媒体服务的目录服务架构和质量服务架构等。这些推荐规定了在不同层面实现高效视频编码所必需的技术规范和通信协议。在HEVC编码过程中，视频被分割成多个块，每个块可以独立编码。这些块可以进一步细分为更小的单元，如Cu（Coding Unit）、Tu（Transform Unit）和Pu（Prediction Unit）。编码器根据视频内容的复杂性选择不同的块大小，以优化压缩效率。此外，HEVC引入了更多的预测模式，包括双向预测、多角度预测和跨块预测，这些都增强了编码器预测视频序列的能力。运动补偿是HEVC中的关键部分，它通过查找相似的图像区域来估计当前块的运动信息，从而减少需要传输的数据量。HEVC还采用了更复杂的熵编码，如上下文自适应二进制算术编码（CABAC），以及改进的区间划分，以更精细地表示概率分布，进一步压缩编码数据。 HEVC（H.265）标准是现代视频编码技术的重要里程碑，它通过一系列先进的算法和技术，实现了视频编码的显著优化，满足了日益增长的高清视频传输需求，同时也为未来更高分辨率的视频服务奠定了基础。

 
xiv  Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015) 
LIST OF FIGURES 
Figure 6-1 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:2:0 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 22 
Figure 6-2 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:2:2 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 22 
Figure 6-3 – Nominal vertical and horizontal locations of 4:4:4 luma and chroma samples in a picture .............. 23 
Figure 6-4 – A picture with 11 by 9 luma coding tree blocks that is partitioned into two slices, the first of which is 
partitioned into three slice segments (informative) ............................................................................... 24 
Figure 6-5 – A picture with 11 by 9 luma coding tree blocks that is partitioned into two tiles and one slice (left) or 
is partitioned into two tiles and three slices (right) (informative) ......................................................... 24 
Figure  7-1  – Structure of  an  access  unit  not  containing  any NAL  units  with  nal_unit_type equal to  FD_NUT, 
SUFFIX_SEI_NUT,  VPS_NUT,  SPS_NUT,  PPS_NUT,  RSV_VCL_N10,  RSV_VCL_R11, 
RSV_VCL_N12,  RSV_VCL_R13,  RSV_VCL_N14,  RSV_VCL_R15,  RSV_IRAP_VCL22  or 
RSV_IRAP_VCL23, or in the range of RSV_VCL24..RSV_VCL31, RSV_NVCL41..RSV_NVCL47 
or UNSPEC48..UNSPEC63 ................................................................................................................. 69 
Figure 8-1 – Intra prediction mode directions (informative) ............................................................................... 118 
Figure 8-2 – Intra prediction angle definition (informative) ................................................................................ 126 
Figure 8-3 – Spatial motion vector neighbours (informative) ............................................................................. 142 
Figure 8-4 – Integer samples (shaded blocks with upper-case letters) and fractional sample positions (un-shaded 
blocks with lower-case letters) for quarter sample luma interpolation ............................................... 150 
Figure 8-5 – Integer samples (shaded blocks with upper-case letters) and fractional sample positions (un-shaded 
blocks with lower-case letters) for eighth sample chroma interpolation ............................................. 152 
Figure 9-1 – Illustration of CABAC parsing process for a syntax element synEl (informative) ......................... 185 
Figure 9-2 – Spatial neighbour T that is used to invoke the coding tree block availability derivation process relative 
to the current coding tree block (informative) .................................................................................... 186 
Figure 9-3 – Illustration of CABAC initialization process (informative) ............................................................ 187 
Figure 9-4 – Illustration of CABAC storage process (informative) ..................................................................... 197 
Figure 9-5 – Overview of the arithmetic decoding process for a single bin (informative) .................................. 213 
Figure 9-6 – Flowchart for decoding a decision .................................................................................................. 214 
Figure 9-7 – Flowchart of renormalization .......................................................................................................... 216 
Figure 9-8 – Flowchart of bypass decoding process ............................................................................................ 217 
Figure 9-9 – Flowchart of decoding a decision before termination ..................................................................... 218 
Figure 9-10 – Flowchart for encoding a decision ................................................................................................ 220 
Figure 9-11 – Flowchart of renormalization in the encoder ................................................................................ 221 
Figure 9-12 – Flowchart of PutBit(B) .................................................................................................................. 221 
Figure 9-13 – Flowchart of encoding bypass ....................................................................................................... 222 
Figure 9-14 – Flowchart of encoding a decision before termination ................................................................... 223 
Figure 9-15 – Flowchart of flushing at termination ............................................................................................. 223 
Figure C.1 – Structure of byte streams and NAL unit streams for HRD conformance checks ............................ 244 
Figure C.2 – HRD buffer model .......................................................................................................................... 247 
Figure D.1 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:2:0 samples in top and bottom fields .... 284 
Figure D.2 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:2:2 samples in top and bottom fields .... 285 
Figure D.3 – Nominal vertical and horizontal sampling locations of 4:4:4 samples in top and bottom fields .... 285 
Figure D.4 – Rearrangement and upconversion of side-by-side packing arrangement with 
frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0 and ( x, y ) equal to 
( 0, 0 ) or ( 4, 8 ) for both constituent frames ...................................................................................... 307 
Figure D.5 – Rearrangement and upconversion of side-by-side packing arrangement with 
frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0, ( x, y ) equal to 
( 12, 8 ) for constituent frame 0 and ( x, y ) equal to ( 0, 0 ) or ( 4, 8 ) for constituent frame 1 .......... 308 
Figure  D.6  –  Rearrangement  and  upconversion  of  top-bottom  packing  arrangement  with 
frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 4, quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 0 and ( x, y ) equal to 
( 0, 0 ) or ( 8, 4 ) for both constituent frames ...................................................................................... 308 

 
    Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015)  xv 
Figure  D.7  –  Rearrangement  and  upconversion  of  top-bottom  packing  arrangement  with 
frame_packing_arrangement_type  equal  to  4,  quincunx_sampling_flag  equal  to  0,  (  x,  y  )  equal  to 
( 8, 12 ) for constituent frame 0 and ( x, y ) equal to ( 0, 0 ) or ( 8, 4 ) for constituent frame 1 .......... 309 
Figure  D.8  –  Rearrangement  and  upconversion  of  side-by-side  packing  arrangement  with  quincunx  sampling 
(frame_packing_arrangement_type equal to 3 with quincunx_sampling_flag equal to 1) ................. 309 
Figure D.9 – Rearrangement of a temporal interleaving frame arrangement  (frame_packing_arrangement_type 
equal to 5) ........................................................................................................................................... 310 
Figure D.10 – Rearrangement of a segmented rectangular frame packing arrangement ..................................... 324 
Figure D.11 – A knee function with num_knee_points_minus1 equal to 2 ......................................................... 337 
Figure E.1 – Location of chroma samples for top and bottom fields for chroma_format_idc equal to 1 (4:2:0 chroma 
format)  as  a  function  of  chroma_sample_loc_type_top_field  and 
chroma_sample_loc_type_bottom_field ............................................................................................. 353 
Figure F.1 – Bitstream-partition-specific HRD buffer model .............................................................................. 436 
 
LIST OF FIGURES 
Table 5-1 – Operation precedence from highest (at top of table) to lowest (at bottom of table) ........................... 18 
Table 6-1 – SubWidthC and SubHeightC values derived from chroma_format_idc and separate_colour_plane_flag
 .............................................................................................................................................................. 21 
Table 7-1 – NAL unit type codes and NAL unit type classes ................................................................................ 63 
Table 7-2 – Interpretation of pic_type ................................................................................................................... 83 
Table 7-3 – Specification of sizeId ........................................................................................................................ 87 
Table 7-4 – Specification of matrixId according to sizeId, prediction mode and colour component .................... 87 
Table 7-5 – Specification of default values of ScalingList[ 0 ][ matrixId ][ i ] with i = 0..15 ............................... 87 
Table 7-6 – Specification of default values of ScalingList[ 1..3 ][ matrixId ][ i ] with i = 0..63 ........................... 88 
Table 7-7 – Name association to slice_type .......................................................................................................... 90 
Table 7-8 – Specification of the SAO type ............................................................................................................ 98 
Table 7-9 – Specification of the SAO edge offset class....................................................................................... 100 
Table 7-10 – Name association to prediction mode and partitioning type ........................................................... 101 
Table 7-11 – Name association to inter prediction mode .................................................................................... 102 
Table 8-1 – Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names .......................................................... 118 
Table 8-2 – Specification of modeIdx ................................................................................................................. 120 
Table 8-3 – Specification of intraPredModeC when ChromaArrayType is equal to 2 ........................................ 120 
Table 8-4 – Specification of intraHorVerDistThres[ nTbS ] for various transform block sizes .......................... 124 
Table 8-5 – Specification of intraPredAngle ....................................................................................................... 126 
Table 8-6 – Specification of invAngle ................................................................................................................. 126 
Table 8-7 – Specification of l0CandIdx and l1CandIdx ...................................................................................... 139 
Table 8-8 – Assignment of the luma prediction sample predSampleLX
L
 ............................................................ 151 
Table 8-9 – Assignment of the chroma prediction sample predSampleLX
C
 for ( X, Y ) being replaced by ( 1, b ), 
( 2, c ), ( 3, d ), ( 4, e ), ( 5, f ), ( 6, g ) and ( 7, h ), respectively ......................................................... 153 
Table 8-10 – Specification of Qp
C
 as a function of qPi for ChromaArrayType equal to 1 .................................. 160 
Table 8-11 – Name of association to edgeType ................................................................................................... 167 
Table 8-12 – Derivation of threshold variables β′ and t
C
′ from input Q .............................................................. 175 
Table 8-13 – Specification of hPos and vPos according to the sample adaptive offset class .............................. 182 
Table 9-1 – Bit strings with "prefix" and "suffix" bits and assignment to codeNum ranges (informative) ......... 183 
Table 9-2 – Exp-Golomb bit strings and codeNum in explicit form and used as ue(v) (informative) ................. 183 
Table 9-3 – Assignment of syntax element to codeNum for signed Exp-Golomb coded syntax elements se(v) . 184 
Table 9-4 – Association of ctxIdx and syntax elements for each initializationType in the initialization process 189 
Table 9-5 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sao_merge_left_flag and sao_merge_up_flag ............................. 190 

 
xvi  Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015) 
Table 9-6 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sao_type_idx_luma and sao_type_idx_chroma ........................... 190 
Table 9-7 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of split_cu_flag ................................................................................ 190 
Table 9-8 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_transquant_bypass_flag ......................................................... 190 
Table 9-9 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_skip_flag ................................................................................ 190 
Table 9-10 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of pred_mode_flag ......................................................................... 191 
Table 9-11 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of part_mode .................................................................................. 191 
Table 9-12 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of prev_intra_luma_pred_flag ....................................................... 191 
Table 9-13 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of intra_chroma_pred_mode .......................................................... 191 
Table 9-14 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of rqt_root_cbf ............................................................................... 191 
Table 9-15 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of merge_flag ................................................................................. 191 
Table 9-16 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of merge_idx .................................................................................. 192 
Table 9-17 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of inter_pred_idc............................................................................ 192 
Table 9-18 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of ref_idx_l0 and ref_idx_l1 .......................................................... 192 
Table 9-19 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of mvp_l0_flag and mvp_l1_flag .................................................. 192 
Table 9-20 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of split_transform_flag .................................................................. 192 
Table 9-21 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cbf_luma .................................................................................... 192 
Table 9-22 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cbf_cb and cbf_cr ...................................................................... 193 
Table 9-23 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of abs_mvd_greater0_flag and abs_mvd_greater1_flag ................ 193 
Table 9-24 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_qp_delta_abs ........................................................................ 193 
Table 9-25 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of transform_skip_flag .................................................................. 193 
Table 9-26 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of last_sig_coeff_x_prefix ............................................................. 193 
Table 9-27 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of last_sig_coeff_y_prefix ............................................................. 194 
Table 9-28 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coded_sub_block_flag ............................................................... 194 
Table 9-29 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of sig_coeff_flag ............................................................................ 194 
Table 9-30 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coeff_abs_level_greater1_flag .................................................. 195 
Table 9-31 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of coeff_abs_level_greater2_flag .................................................. 195 
Table 9-32 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of explicit_rdpcm_flag .................................................................. 195 
Table 9-33 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of explicit_rdpcm_dir_flag ............................................................ 195 
Table 9-34 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_flag ........................................................ 195 
Table 9-35 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of cu_chroma_qp_offset_idx ......................................................... 196 
Table 9-36 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of log2_res_scale_abs_plus1 ......................................................... 196 
Table 9-37 – Values of initValue for ctxIdx of res_scale_sign_flag ................................................................... 196 
Table 9-38 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ................................................................................ 198 
Table 9-39 – Bin string of the unary binarization (informative) .......................................................................... 201 
Table 9-40 – Binarization for part_mode ............................................................................................................. 203 
Table 9-41 – Binarization for intra_chroma_pred_mode..................................................................................... 203 
Table 9-42 – Binarization for inter_pred_idc ...................................................................................................... 204 
Table 9-43 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ................................................ 206 
Table 9-44 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements ........................................................ 208 
Table 9-45 – Specification of ctxIdxMap[ i ] ...................................................................................................... 211 
Table 9-46 – Specification of rangeTabLps depending on the values of pStateIdx and qRangeIdx .................... 215 
Table 9-47 – State transition table ....................................................................................................................... 216 
Table A.1 – Allowed values for syntax elements in the format range extensions profiles .................................. 229 
Table A.2 – Bitstream indications for conformance to format range extensions profiles .................................... 231 
Table A.3 – Bitstream indications for conformance to format range extensions high throughput profiles ......... 233 
Table A.4 – General tier and level limits ............................................................................................................. 235 

 
    Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015)  xvii 
Table A.5 – Tier and level limits for the video profiles ....................................................................................... 237 
Table A.6 – Specification of CpbVclFactor, CpbNalFactor, FormatCapabilityFactor and MinCrScaleFactor ... 238 
Table A.7 – Maximum picture rates (pictures per second) at level 1 to 4.1 for some example picture sizes when 
MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ................................................................................................................. 239 
Table A.8 – Maximum picture rates (pictures per second) at level 5 to 6.2 for some example picture sizes when 
MinCbSizeY is equal to 64 ................................................................................................................. 240 
Table D.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................ 277 
Table D.2 – Interpretation of pic_struct ............................................................................................................... 284 
Table D.3 – scene_transition_type values ........................................................................................................... 290 
Table D.4 – film_grain_model_id values ............................................................................................................ 293 
Table D.5 – blending_mode_id values ................................................................................................................ 295 
Table D.6 – filter_hint_type values ..................................................................................................................... 299 
Table D.7 – Interpretation of camera_iso_speed_idc and exposure_index_idc ................................................... 302 
Table D.8 – Definition of frame_packing_arrangement_type ............................................................................. 304 
Table D.9 – Definition of content_interpretation_type ........................................................................................ 305 
Table D.10 – Interpretation of hash_type ............................................................................................................ 312 
Table D.11 – Definition of counting_type[ i ] values .......................................................................................... 320 
Table D.12 – Definition of segmented_rect_content_interpretation_type ........................................................... 323 
Table D.13 – ver_chroma_filter_idc values ......................................................................................................... 328 
Table D.14 – hor_chroma_filter_idc values ........................................................................................................ 328 
Table D.15 – Chroma sampling format indicated by target_format_idc ............................................................. 329 
Table D.16 – Constraints on the value of num_vertical_filters ........................................................................... 330 
Table D.17 – Constraints on the value of num_horizontal_filters ....................................................................... 330 
Table D.18 – Values of verFilterCoeff and verTapLength when ver_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 ................ 331 
Table D.19 – Values of horFilterCoeff and horTapLength when hor_chroma_filter_idc is equal to 2 ............... 331 
Table D.20 – Usage of chroma filter in the vertical direction ............................................................................. 334 
Table D.21 – Usage of chroma filter in the horizontal direction ......................................................................... 336 
Table E.1 – Interpretation of sample aspect ratio indicator ................................................................................. 345 
Table E.2 – Meaning of video_format ................................................................................................................. 346 
Table E.3 – Colour primaries ............................................................................................................................... 347 
Table E.4 – Transfer characteristics..................................................................................................................... 348 
Table E.5 – Matrix coefficients ........................................................................................................................... 352 
Table E.6 – Divisor for computation of DpbOutputElementalInterval[ n ] ......................................................... 359 
Table F.1 – Mapping of ScalabiltyId to scalability dimensions ........................................................................... 386 
Table F.2 – Mapping of AuxId to the type of auxiliary pictures ......................................................................... 387 
Table F.3 – Specification of CompatibleProfileList ............................................................................................ 432 
Table F.4 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................. 455 
Table G.1 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative) ............................................................................ 485 
Table G.2 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements .......................................... 487 
Table G.3 – Definition of depth_representation_type ......................................................................................... 489 
Table G.4 – Association between depth parameter variables and syntax elements ............................................. 489 
Table G.5 – Association between camera parameter variables and syntax elements. ......................................... 494 
Table H.1 – 16-phase luma resampling filter ....................................................................................................... 502 
Table H.2 – 16-phase chroma resampling filter ................................................................................................... 503 
Table I.1 – Name association to prediction mode and partitioning type .............................................................. 544 
Table I.2 – Specification of intra prediction mode and associated names ........................................................... 550 

 
xviii  Rec. ITU-T H.265 v3 (04/2015) 
Table I.3 – Specification of divCoeff depending on sDenomDiv ........................................................................ 579 
Table I.4 – Association of ctxIdx and syntax elements for each initializationType in the initialization process  592 
Table I.5 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_flag ctxIdx .................................................................................. 593 
Table I.6 – Values of initValue for no_dim_flag ctxIdx ...................................................................................... 593 
Table I.7 – Values of initValue for depth_intra_mode_idx_flag ctxIdx .............................................................. 593 
Table I.8 – Values of initValue for skip_intra_mode_idx ctxIdx ........................................................................ 593 
Table I.9 – Values of initValue for dbbp_flag ctxIdx .......................................................................................... 593 
Table I.10 – Values of initValue for dc_only_flag ctxIdx ................................................................................... 593 
Table I.11 – Values of initValue for iv_res_pred_weight_idx ctxIdx ................................................................. 594 
Table I.12 – Values of initValue for illu_comp_flag ctxIdx ................................................................................ 594 
Table I.13 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_present_flag ctxIdx .................................................................... 594 
Table I.14 – Values of initValue for depth_dc_abs ctxIdx .................................................................................. 594 
Table I.15 – Syntax elements and associated binarizations ................................................................................. 595 
Table I.16 – Binarization for part_mode .............................................................................................................. 596 
Table I.17 – Assignment of ctxInc to syntax elements with context coded bins ................................................. 597 
Table I.18 – Specification of ctxInc using left and above syntax elements ......................................................... 598 
Table I.19 – Persistence scope of SEI messages (informative)............................................................................ 603 
Table I.20 – Interpretation of depth_type ............................................................................................................ 603 
Table I.21 – Locations of the top-left luma samples of constituent pictures packed in a picture with ViewIdx greater 
than 0 relative to the top-left luma sample of this picture ................................................................... 604 
 
 

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