亲手打造Linux系统：LFS-BOOK-9.0实践指南

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"LFS-BOOK-9.0 构建自己的Linux系统" 《Linux From Scratch》(简称LFS)是一本开源书籍，由Gerard Beekmans和Bruce Dubbs共同创作并管理，版本为9.0，发布于2019年9月1日。这本书提供了一种自定义构建Linux操作系统的方法，它不作为一款完整的发行版，而是作为指导用户从源代码编译构建Linux系统的教程。LFS项目鼓励用户根据自己的需求和喜好来构建一个高度个性化的Linux系统，这不仅限于定制桌面环境，还包括整个系统层面的定制。 LFS遵循一定的开源许可，书籍内容受到Creative Commons License保护，而计算机指令部分则采用MIT License授权。此外，Linux是Linus Torvalds的注册商标。本书的结构分为多个章节，包括： 1. 前言：介绍了LFS的目标读者、支持的架构、与标准的关系、书中包含包的理由，以及准备工作的前提条件。 2. 引言：详细说明如何构建LFS系统，列举了新版本的变化、更新日志，并提供了资源和帮助信息。 3. 准备构建：讲解如何准备宿主机系统，包括系统需求、分阶段构建LFS的方法，以及创建必要的目录等步骤。在构建自己的Linux系统过程中，用户需要一个已经安装了基础工具的主机系统，这些工具包括编译器、构建系统、包管理器等。用户还需要了解和遵循特定的编译和安装顺序，以确保系统的稳定性和兼容性。LFS的每个版本都会更新源代码列表，以反映最新的软件版本和安全补丁，确保构建出的系统尽可能地安全和先进。通过LFS，用户可以学习到操作系统内核的工作原理、软件编译过程、配置管理以及依赖关系解决等核心技能。这种实践性极强的学习方式对于深入理解Linux操作系统及其组件非常有帮助，同时也能培养用户解决实际问题的能力。《Linux From Scratch》是一个极客和系统管理员的宝贵资源，它提供了一条探索Linux系统底层机制的独特路径，让爱好者和专业人士能够构建出满足自己需求的定制化Linux系统。无论是为了学术研究，还是为了工作中的特殊应用场景，LFS都能提供一个自由且富有挑战性的平台。

Linux From Scratch - Version 9.0

• Sysklogd

This package contains programs for logging system messages, such as those given by the kernel or daemon

processes when unusual events occur.

• Sysvinit

This package provides the init program, which is the parent of all other processes on the Linux system.

• Tar

This package provides archiving and extraction capabilities of virtually all packages used in LFS.

• Tcl

This package contains the Tool Command Language used in many test suites in LFS packages. It is only installed

in the temporary toolchain.

• Texinfo

This package contains programs for reading, writing, and converting info pages. It is used in the installation

procedures of many LFS packages.

• Util-linux

This package contains miscellaneous utility programs. Among them are utilities for handling file systems,

consoles, partitions, and messages.

• Vim

This package contains an editor. It was chosen because of its compatibility with the classic vi editor and its huge

number of powerful capabilities. An editor is a very personal choice for many users and any other editor could be

substituted if desired.

• XML::Parser

This package is a Perl module that interfaces with Expat.

• XZ Utils

This package contains programs for compressing and decompressing files. It provides the highest compression

generally available and is useful for decompressing packages in XZ or LZMA format.

• Zlib

This package contains compression and decompression routines used by some programs.

Prerequisites

Building an LFS system is not a simple task. It requires a certain level of existing knowledge of Unix system

administration in order to resolve problems and correctly execute the commands listed. In particular, as an absolute

minimum, you should already have the ability to use the command line (shell) to copy or move files and directories, list

directory and file contents, and change the current directory. It is also expected that you have a reasonable knowledge

of using and installing Linux software.

Because the LFS book assumes at least this basic level of skill, the various LFS support forums are unlikely to be able

to provide you with much assistance in these areas. You will find that your questions regarding such basic knowledge

will likely go unanswered or you will simply be referred to the LFS essential pre-reading list.

Before building an LFS system, we recommend reading the following:

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• Software-Building-HOWTO http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Software-Building-HOWTO.html

This is a comprehensive guide to building and installing “generic” Unix software packages under Linux. Although

it was written some time ago, it still provides a good summary of the basic techniques needed to build and install

software.

• Beginner's Guide to Installing from Source http://moi.vonos.net/linux/beginners-installing-from-source/

This guide provides a good summary of basic skills and techniques needed to build software from source code.

Typography

To make things easier to follow, there are a few typographical conventions used throughout this book. This section

contains some examples of the typographical format found throughout Linux From Scratch.

./configure --prefix=/usr

This form of text is designed to be typed exactly as seen unless otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used

in the explanation sections to identify which of the commands is being referenced.

In some cases, a logical line is extended to two or more physical lines with a backslash at the end of the line.

CC="gcc -B/usr/bin/" ../binutils-2.18/configure \

--prefix=/tools --disable-nls --disable-werror

Note that the backslash must be followed by an immediate return. Other whitespace characters like spaces or tab

characters will create incorrect results.

install-info: unknown option '--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'

This form of text (fixed-width text) shows screen output, usually as the result of commands issued. This format is also

used to show filenames, such as /etc/ld.so.conf.

Emphasis

This form of text is used for several purposes in the book. Its main purpose is to emphasize important points or items.

http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/

This format is used for hyperlinks both within the LFS community and to external pages. It includes HOWTOs,

download locations, and websites.

cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"

root:x:0:

bin:x:1:

......

EOF

This format is used when creating configuration files. The first command tells the system to create the file $LFS/etc/

group from whatever is typed on the following lines until the sequence End Of File (EOF) is encountered. Therefore,

this entire section is generally typed as seen.

This format is used to encapsulate text that is not to be typed as seen or for copy-and-paste operations.

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[OPTIONAL TEXT]

This format is used to encapsulate text that is optional.

passwd(5)

This format is used to refer to a specific manual (man) page. The number inside parentheses indicates a specific section

inside the manuals. For example, passwd has two man pages. Per LFS installation instructions, those two man pages

will be located at /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1 and /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. When the

book uses passwd(5) it is specifically referring to /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5. man passwd will print

the first man page it finds that matches “passwd”, which will be /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1. For this

example, you will need to run man 5 passwd in order to read the specific page being referred to. It should be noted

that most man pages do not have duplicate page names in different sections. Therefore, man <program name> is

generally sufficient.

Structure

This book is divided into the following parts.

Part I - Introduction

Part I explains a few important notes on how to proceed with the LFS installation. This section also provides meta-

information about the book.

Part II - Preparing for the Build

Part II describes how to prepare for the building process—making a partition, downloading the packages, and compiling

temporary tools.

Part III - Building the LFS System

Part III guides the reader through the building of the LFS system—compiling and installing all the packages one by

one, setting up the boot scripts, and installing the kernel. The resulting Linux system is the foundation on which other

software can be built to expand the system as desired. At the end of this book, there is an easy to use reference listing

all of the programs, libraries, and important files that have been installed.

Errata

The software used to create an LFS system is constantly being updated and enhanced. Security warnings and bug fixes

may become available after the LFS book has been released. To check whether the package versions or instructions in

this release of LFS need any modifications to accommodate security vulnerabilities or other bug fixes, please visit http://

www.linuxfromscratch.org/lfs/errata/9.0/ before proceeding with your build. You should note any changes shown and

apply them to the relevant section of the book as you progress with building the LFS system.

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Linux From Scratch - Version 9.0

Chapter 1. Introduction

1.1. How to Build an LFS System

The LFS system will be built by using an already installed Linux distribution (such as Debian, OpenMandriva, Fedora,

or openSUSE). This existing Linux system (the host) will be used as a starting point to provide necessary programs,

including a compiler, linker, and shell, to build the new system. Select the “development” option during the distribution

installation to be able to access these tools.

As an alternative to installing a separate distribution onto your machine, you may wish to use a LiveCD from a

commercial distribution.

Chapter 2 of this book describes how to create a new Linux native partition and file system. This is the place where the

new LFS system will be compiled and installed. Chapter 3 explains which packages and patches need to be downloaded

to build an LFS system and how to store them on the new file system. Chapter 4 discusses the setup of an appropriate

working environment. Please read Chapter 4 carefully as it explains several important issues you need be aware of

before beginning to work your way through Chapter 5 and beyond.

Chapter 5 explains the installation of a number of packages that will form the basic development suite (or toolchain)

which is used to build the actual system in Chapter 6. Some of these packages are needed to resolve circular

dependencies—for example, to compile a compiler, you need a compiler.

Chapter 5 also shows you how to build a first pass of the toolchain, including Binutils and GCC (first pass basically

means these two core packages will be reinstalled). The next step is to build Glibc, the C library. Glibc will be compiled

by the toolchain programs built in the first pass. Then, a second pass of the toolchain will be built. This time, the

toolchain will be dynamically linked against the newly built Glibc. The remaining Chapter 5 packages are built using

this second pass toolchain. When this is done, the LFS installation process will no longer depend on the host distribution,

with the exception of the running kernel.

This effort to isolate the new system from the host distribution may seem excessive. A full technical explanation as to

why this is done is provided in Section 5.2, “Toolchain Technical Notes”.

In Chapter 6, the full LFS system is built. The chroot (change root) program is used to enter a virtual environment and

start a new shell whose root directory will be set to the LFS partition. This is very similar to rebooting and instructing

the kernel to mount the LFS partition as the root partition. The system does not actually reboot, but instead uses chroot

because creating a bootable system requires additional work which is not necessary just yet. The major advantage is

that “chrooting” allows you to continue using the host system while LFS is being built. While waiting for package

compilations to complete, you can continue using your computer as normal.

To finish the installation, the basic system configuration is set up in Chapter 7, and the kernel and boot loader are set

up in Chapter 8. Chapter 9 contains information on continuing the LFS experience beyond this book. After the steps in

this book have been implemented, the computer will be ready to reboot into the new LFS system.

This is the process in a nutshell. Detailed information on each step is discussed in the following chapters and package

descriptions. Items that may seem complicated will be clarified, and everything will fall into place as you embark on

the LFS adventure.

1.2. What's new since the last release

Below is a list of package updates made since the previous release of the book.

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