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首页IEEE 802.15.4标准:低速率无线个人区域网络(LR-WPANs)
IEEE 802.15.4标准:低速率无线个人区域网络(LR-WPANs)
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"IEEE 802.15.4标准是关于低速率无线个人区域网络(LR-WPANs)的技术规范,由IEEE计算机学会的局域网/城域网标准委员会赞助制定。该标准在2011年进行了修订,即IEEE Std 802.15.4-2011,是对2006年版本的更新。LR-WPANs主要设计用于低数据速率、低功耗、低成本的通信,常见于物联网(IoT)设备和传感器网络中。"
LR-WPANs是无线通信技术的一种,主要用于短距离、低功率设备间的通信,例如智能家居设备、环境监测传感器、医疗设备等。IEEE 802.15.4标准定义了物理层(PHY)和媒体访问控制层(MAC)的规范,这些规范是实现LR-WPAN通信的基础。
在物理层,标准规定了不同的调制方式和传输速率。例如,它支持2.4GHz频段的直接序列扩频(DSSS)调制,提供250kbps的数据传输速率,同时也支持915MHz和868MHz频段的调制,以适应不同国家和地区对无线频谱的法规要求。这些频率选择有助于避免与其他无线设备的干扰,如Wi-Fi和蓝牙。
在MAC层,IEEE 802.15.4标准引入了一种能量效率高的通信模式,包括休眠模式和低功耗监听模式,以延长电池寿命。此外,它还定义了多跳网络的路由策略,允许数据包通过多个节点传递,这在设备间无法直接通信或者需要扩大覆盖范围时非常有用。
标准还包含了安全性方面的考虑,提供了基本的安全服务,如认证和加密,以保护网络免受未经授权的访问和数据篡改。这些安全功能对于物联网应用尤其重要,因为它们通常涉及敏感信息和设备控制。
IEEE 802.15.4标准是Zigbee、Z-Wave和其他一些物联网协议的基础,这些协议在此基础上增加了网络层和应用层的规范,形成完整的通信解决方案。因此,理解IEEE 802.15.4对于开发和部署LR-WPAN设备及网络至关重要。此标准的应用不仅限于家庭自动化,也广泛应用于工业监控、医疗保健、智能建筑等多个领域。
xiv Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved.
12.3.3 Symbol rate................................................................................................................ 175
12.3.4 Receiver sensitivity.................................................................................................... 175
12.3.5 Receiver interference rejection .................................................................................. 176
12.3.6 TX-to-RX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 176
12.3.7 RX-to-TX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 176
12.3.8 Error vector magnitude (EVM).................................................................................. 176
12.3.9 Transmit center frequency tolerance.......................................................................... 176
12.3.10 Transmit power.......................................................................................................... 176
12.3.11 Receiver maximum input level of desired signal....................................................... 176
12.3.12 Receiver ED............................................................................................................... 177
12.3.13 Link quality indicator (LQI) ...................................................................................... 177
12.3.14 Clear channel assessment (CCA)............................................................................... 177
12.3.15 Example of PSSS encoding ....................................................................................... 177
13. Chirp spread spectrum (CSS) PHY ................................................................................................. 179
13.1 CSS PPDU format ................................................................................................................... 179
13.1.1 Preamble .................................................................................................................... 179
13.1.2 SFD field.................................................................................................................... 179
13.1.3 PHY header (PHR) .................................................................................................... 180
13.2 Modulation and spreading ....................................................................................................... 180
13.2.1 Data rates ................................................................................................................... 180
13.2.2 Reference modulator diagram.................................................................................... 180
13.2.3 De-multiplexer (DEMUX)......................................................................................... 180
13.2.4 Serial-to-parallel mapping ......................................................................................... 181
13.2.5 Data-symbol-to-bi-orthogonal-codeword mapping ................................................... 181
13.2.6 Parallel-to-serial converter and QPSK symbol mapping........................................... 184
13.2.7 DQPSK coding .......................................................................................................... 184
13.2.8 DQPSK-to-DQCSK modulation................................................................................ 185
13.2.9 CSK generator............................................................................................................ 185
13.2.10 Bit interleaver ............................................................................................................ 186
13.3 Waveform and subchirp sequences.......................................................................................... 186
13.3.1 Graphical presentation of chirp symbols (subchirp sequences)................................. 186
13.3.2 Active usage of time gaps.......................................................................................... 186
13.3.3 Mathematical representation of the continuous time CSS base-band signal ............. 188
13.3.4 Raised cosine window for chirp pulse shaping.......................................................... 189
13.3.5 Subchirp transmission order ...................................................................................... 190
13.3.6 Example of CSK signal generation............................................................................ 190
13.4 CSS RF requirements............................................................................................................... 191
13.4.1 Transmit power spectral density (PSD) mask and signal tolerance........................... 191
13.4.2 Symbol rate................................................................................................................ 191
13.4.3 Receiver sensitivity.................................................................................................... 191
13.4.4 Receiver interference rejection .................................................................................. 192
13.4.5 TX-to-RX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 192
13
.4.6 RX-to-TX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 193
13.4.7 Transmit center frequency tolerance.......................................................................... 193
13.4.8 Transmit power.......................................................................................................... 193
13.4.9 Receiver maximum input level of desired signal....................................................... 193
13.4.10 Receiver ED............................................................................................................... 193
13.4.11 Link quality indicator (LQI) ...................................................................................... 193
13.4.12 Clear channel assessment (CCA)............................................................................... 193
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Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. xv
14. UWB PHY ....................................................................................................................................... 194
14.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 194
14.2 UWB PPDU format ................................................................................................................. 194
14.2.1 PPDU encoding process............................................................................................. 195
14.2.2 UWB PHY symbol structure ..................................................................................... 196
14.2.3 PSDU timing parameters ........................................................................................... 197
14.2.4 Preamble timing parameters ...................................................................................... 200
14.2.5 SHR preamble............................................................................................................ 202
14.2.6 PHY header (PHR) .................................................................................................... 205
14.2.7 Data field.................................................................................................................... 207
14.3 UWB PHY modulation............................................................................................................ 207
14.3.1 UWB PHY modulation mathematical framework..................................................... 207
14.3.2 UWB PHY spreading................................................................................................. 208
14.3.3 UWB PHY forward error correction (FEC) .............................................................. 209
14.4 UWB PHY RF requirements ................................................................................................... 211
14.4.1 Operating frequency bands ........................................................................................ 211
14.4.2 Channel assignments.................................................................................................. 213
14.4.3 Regulatory compliance .............................................................................................. 213
14.4.4 Operating temperature range ..................................................................................... 213
14.4.5 Baseband impulse response ....................................................................................... 213
14.4.6 Transmit PSD mask ................................................................................................... 214
14.4.7 Chip rate clock and chip carrier alignment................................................................ 215
14.4.8 TX-to-RX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 215
14.4.9 RX-to-TX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 215
14.4.10 Transmit center frequency tolerance.......................................................................... 215
14.4.11 Transmit power.......................................................................................................... 215
14.4.12 Receiver maximum input level of desired signal....................................................... 215
14.4.13 Receiver ED............................................................................................................... 215
14.4.14 Link quality indicator (LQI) ...................................................................................... 216
14.4.15 Clear channel assessment (CCA)............................................................................... 216
14.5 UWB PHY optional pulse shapes............................................................................................ 216
14.5.1 UWB PHY optional chirp on UWB (CoU) pulses .................................................... 216
14.5.2 UWB PHY optional continuous spectrum (CS) pulses ............................................. 217
14.5.3 UWB PHY linear combination of pulses (LCP)........................................................ 219
14.6 Extended preamble for optional UWB CCA mode ................................................................. 219
14.7 Ranging.................................................................................................................................... 220
14.7.1 Ranging counter......................................................................................................... 220
14.7.2 Crystal characterization ............................................................................................. 220
14.7.3 Ranging FoM ............................................................................................................. 221
15. GFSK PHY ...................................................................................................................................... 223
15.1 PPDU formats.......................................................................................................................... 223
15.2 Modulation............................................................................................................................... 223
15.2.1 GFSK PHY data rates................................................................................................ 223
15.2.2 Reference modulator diagram.................................................................................... 223
15.2.3 Data whitening........................................................................................................... 223
15.2.4 GFSK modulation...................................................................................................... 224
15.3 GFSK PHY RF requirements .................................................................................................. 224
15.3.1 Operating frequency range......................................................................................... 224
15.3.2 Transmit PSD mask ................................................................................................... 224
15.3.3 Symbol rate................................................................................................................ 224
15.3.4 Receiver sensitivity.................................................................................................... 225
Authorized licensed use limited to: Guangxi University. Downloaded on June 15,2020 at 14:26:32 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
xvi Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved.
15.3.5 Receiver interference rejection .................................................................................. 225
15.3.6 TX-to-RX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 225
15.3.7 RX-to-TX turnaround time ........................................................................................ 225
15.3.8 Transmit center frequency tolerance.......................................................................... 225
15.3.9 Transmit power.......................................................................................................... 225
15.3.10 Receiver maximum input level of desired signal....................................................... 225
15.3.11 Receiver ED............................................................................................................... 225
15.3.12 Link quality indicator (LQI) ...................................................................................... 226
15.3.13 Clear channel assessment (CCA)............................................................................... 226
Annex A (informative) Bibliography .......................................................................................................... 227
Annex B (normative) CCM* mode of operation ......................................................................................... 229
B.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 229
B.2 Notation and representation..................................................................................................... 229
B.2.1 Strings and string operations........................................................................................ 229
B.2.2 Integers, octets, and their representation ..................................................................... 229
B.3 Symmetric-key cryptographic building blocks........................................................................ 229
B.3.1 Block cipher................................................................................................................. 230
B.3.2 Mode of operation........................................................................................................ 230
B.4 Specification of generic CCM* mode of operation ................................................................. 230
B.4.1 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................................ 230
B.4.1.1 Input transformation .................................................................................... 231
B.4.1.2 Authentication transformation ..................................................................... 231
B.4.1.3 Encryption transformation ........................................................................... 232
B.4.2 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........................ 232
B.4.2.1 Decryption transformation........................................................................... 233
B.4.2.2 Authentication checking transformation...................................................... 233
B.4.3 Restrictions .................................................................................................................. 233
Annex C (informative) Test vectors for cryptographic building blocks...................................................... 235
C.1 AES block cipher..................................................................................................................... 235
C.2 Mode of operation.................................................................................................................... 235
C.2.1 MAC beacon frame...................................................................................................... 235
C.2.1.1 Description................................................................................................... 235
C.2.1.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 235
C.2.1.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 237
C.2.2 MAC data frame .......................................................................................................... 239
C.2.2.1 Description................................................................................................... 239
C.2.2.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 239
C.2.2.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 241
C.2.3 MAC command frame ................................................................................................. 243
C.2.3.1 Description................................................................................................... 243
C.2.3.2 CCM* mode encryption and authentication transformation........................ 243
C.2.3.3 CCM* mode decryption and authentication checking transformation ........ 245
Annex D (informative) Protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS) proforma...................... 248
D.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 248
D.1.1 Scope............................................................................................................................ 248
D.1.2 Purpose......................................................................................................................... 248
D.2 Abbreviations and special symbols.......................................................................................... 248
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Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved. xvii
D.3 Instructions for completing the PICS proforma....................................................................... 249
D.4 Identification of the implementation........................................................................................ 249
D.5 Identification of the protocol ................................................................................................... 250
D.6 Global statement of conformance ............................................................................................ 250
D.7 PICS proforma tables............................................................................................................... 251
D.7.1 Functional device types ............................................................................................... 251
D.7.2 Major capabilities for the PHY.................................................................................... 251
D.7.2.1 PHY functions.............................................................................................. 251
D.7.2.2 Radio frequency (RF) .................................................................................. 252
D.7.2.3 Channel capabilities for UWB PHY............................................................ 252
D.7.3 Major capabilities for the MAC sublayer .................................................................... 255
D.7.3.1 MAC sublayer functions.............................................................................. 255
D.7.3.2 MAC frames ................................................................................................ 256
Annex E (informative) Location topics ....................................................................................................... 258
E.1 Overview.................................................................................................................................. 258
E.1.1 Two-way ranging......................................................................................................... 258
E.1.2 Position awareness through one-way transmissions.................................................... 260
E.1.3 The ranging counter..................................................................................................... 260
E.1.4 Accounting for signal arrival time............................................................................... 261
E.1.4.1 Leading edge search during the acquisition preamble................................. 261
E.1.4.2 FoM for bad times........................................................................................ 262
E.1.4.3 Other opportunities for leading edge search refinement.............................. 262
E.1.4.4 Managing the preamble length for leading edge search .............................. 262
E.1.4.5 PHY deferral of the computations for leading edge search ......................... 262
E.1.4.6 PHY deferral of the computations for self-calibration ................................ 263
E.1.5 Management of crystal offsets..................................................................................... 263
E.1.5.1 Characterizing crystal offsets with digital tracking loops ........................... 264
E.1.5.2 Characterizing crystal offsets with analog tracking loops ........................... 264
E.1.5.3 Characterizing crystal offsets with different tracking loops ........................ 264
E.1.5.4 Size of units ................................................................................................. 265
E.1.6 Accounting for internal propagation paths .................................................................. 265
E.1.6.1 PIB attributes for internal propagation paths............................................... 266
E.1.6.2 Support for self-calibration and one-way ranging ....................................... 266
E.1.6.3 Use of the calibrate primitives..................................................................... 266
E.1.6.4 Use of the COMPUTATION_NEEDED status........................................... 266
E.1.7 Timestamp reports ....................................................................................................... 267
E.1.7.1 Presentation of timestamp reports................................................................ 267
E.1.7.2 Start and stop times in the timestamp report................................................ 267
E.1.8 Private ranging............................................................................................................. 267
E.1.8.1 Simple encryption of the timestamp reports................................................ 267
E.1.8.2 Dynamic preamble selection (DPS)............................................................. 267
E.2 Time-of-arrival estimation from channel sounding ................................................................. 268
E.3 Time-of-arrival estimation in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions....................................... 270
E.4 Asynchronous ranging ............................................................................................................. 271
E.4.1 Two-way ranging (TWR) ............................................................................................ 272
E.4.2 Symmetric double-sided two-way ranging (SDS-TWR)............................................. 273
E.5 Location estimation from range data ....................................................................................... 274
E.5.1 Time of arrival ............................................................................................................. 275
E.5.2 Time difference of arrival
............................................................................................ 276
E.5.2.1 Mode 1 ......................................................................................................... 276
E.5.2.2 Mode 2 ......................................................................................................... 276
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xviii Copyright © 2011 IEEE. All rights reserved.
E.6 Network location algorithms ................................................................................................... 276
E.6.1 Ad hoc algorithms........................................................................................................ 277
E.6.2 Centralized algorithms................................................................................................. 279
E.6.3 Convex optimization algorithms.................................................................................. 280
E.6.4 Location estimation using multipath delays ................................................................ 282
Annex F (informative) Example UWB PHY transmit data frame encoding............................................... 284
F.1 Channel used in the example ................................................................................................... 284
F.2 Encoding progression .............................................................................................................. 284
F.2.1 Transmit PSDU............................................................................................................ 284
F.2.2 PSDU bits .................................................................................................................... 284
F.2.3 Reed-Solomon encoded bits ........................................................................................ 284
F.2.4 Convolutional encoder input bits................................................................................. 285
F.2.5 Convolutional encoder output bits............................................................................... 285
F.2.6 Scrambler output bits................................................................................................... 285
F.2.7 Ternary output symbols ............................................................................................... 286
Annex G (informative) MPSK PHY............................................................................................................ 289
G.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 289
G.2 780 MHz band data rates ......................................................................................................... 289
G.3 Modulation and spreading ....................................................................................................... 289
G.3.1 Reference modulator diagram...................................................................................... 289
G.3.2 Bit-to-symbol mapping................................................................................................ 289
G.3.3 Symbol-to-chip mapping ............................................................................................. 290
G.3.4 Pre-processing.............................................................................................................. 291
G.3.5 PSK modulation........................................................................................................... 291
G.3.6 Pulse shape................................................................................................................... 291
G.3.7 Chip transmission order............................................................................................... 292
G.4 MPSK PHY RF requirements.................................................................................................. 292
G.4.1 Transmit power............................................................................................................ 292
G.4.2 Operating frequency range........................................................................................... 292
G.4.3 Transmit PSD mask ..................................................................................................... 292
G.4.4 Symbol rate.................................................................................................................. 292
G.4.5 Receiver sensitivity...................................................................................................... 292
G.4.6 Receiver interference rejection .................................................................................... 293
Annex H (informative) Considerations for the 950 MHz band ................................................................... 294
H.1 General..................................................................................................................................... 294
H.2 Listen before talk (LBT) considerations.................................................................................. 294
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