Visual C# 2010编程基础与实践指南

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"这是一本关于C#编程的学习书籍，主要分为三个部分，详细介绍了C#的基础、编程实践以及数据处理。全书采用英文编写，适合有一定英文基础的读者进行C#语言的学习。" 该书详细阐述了C#语言的核心概念和实际应用，包括以下关键知识点： 1. **C#基础**：这部分主要介绍了C#编程的基础，如.NET框架的作用，它是如何支持C#编程的，以及C#语言的基本特性。读者将了解到C#语言的背景、发展和它在Visual Studio 2010开发环境中的应用。此外，书中还提供了编写第一个C#程序的指导，帮助初学者快速上手。 2. **C#类型系统**：深入探讨了C#中的类型系统，包括预定义类型（如整型、浮点型、字符串等）和操作符。这部分内容对于理解C#的数据处理至关重要，涵盖了变量、常量、数据类型转换以及类型的使用规则。 3. **类与面向对象编程**：详细讲解了C#中的类、对象的概念，以及如何通过类实现面向对象编程。涵盖继承、接口和抽象类，这些都是C#中实现代码复用和结构化设计的关键机制。 4. **枚举和结构**：这部分介绍了如何创建枚举类型，用于表示一组相关的值，以及如何定义和使用结构，这是C#中的一个值类型，可以作为复杂数据结构的基础。 5. **事件与事件处理**：事件是C#中处理用户交互和组件通信的重要方式。书中阐述了如何声明事件、订阅事件和触发事件，以及事件处理委托和匿名方法的使用。 6. **控制程序流程**：涵盖了条件语句（如if-else）、循环（如for, while, foreach）、跳转语句（如break, continue）等，这些都是控制程序执行顺序的关键工具。 7. **字符串和正则表达式**：这部分详细介绍了如何在C#中处理字符串，以及如何使用正则表达式进行模式匹配和数据验证。 8. **数组和集合**：介绍了不同类型的数组（一维、多维、交错）的使用，以及集合类（如List<T>、Dictionary<TKey, TValue>）的运用，帮助读者掌握数据存储和操作。 9. **异常处理**：通过异常（Exception）来处理程序运行时可能出现的错误，讲解了try-catch-finally结构和如何自定义异常。 10. **文件和流**：这部分内容讲解了如何读写文件，以及如何使用流（Stream）进行数据传输，这对于处理文件和网络数据至关重要。 11. **数据库操作**：介绍如何在C#中连接和操作数据库，可能涵盖了ADO.NET或其他数据访问技术。通过这些章节的学习，读者将能够全面了解并掌握C#编程的基础知识和实用技巧，为进阶开发和实际项目打下坚实的基础。

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CHAPTER 1: The .NET Framework and C#

At the lowest level are the Base Class Libraries (BCL) that serve as the standard run-

time for any .NET language and provide types that represent the intrinsic CLR types,

collections, streams, string manipulation, basic file access, and a variety of other oper-

ations or data structures. In total, there are 172 publicly available types in the BCL

and 331 total public types in what is considered the Standard Library as defined by the

Standard Ecma-335: Common Language Infrastructure (CLI), 4th Edition/June 2006.

What Is Ecma?

Ecma International is an international standards association founded in 1961

that aims to help develop standards for the use of information communication

technology and consumer electronics.

The C# Language Specification along with the Common Language Infrastructure

(CLI) were accepted as an Ecma standard on December 14, 2001.

The CLI is an open source version of the Common Language Runtime. It has fos-

tered several open source versions of C# and the .NET Framework, including Dot-

GNU and Mono. Of these, Mono is probably the most well known and provides an

implementation of the .NET development platform on Linux, BSD, UNIX, Mac OS X,

Solaris, and Windows operating systems.

It is the open source standards provided by Ecma and projects such as DotGNU

and Mono that enable development skills and applications to be used on virtually

any platform.

Did you

Know?

The remaining classes in the FCL are focused on specific functional areas, such as

providing data access, XML support, globalization support, diagnostics, configura-

tion, networking, communication, business workflow support, web applications, and

Windows desktop applications, to name just a few.

Namespaces

With thousands of classes in the .NET Framework class library, there needs to be a

way to prevent ambiguity between type names and to provide a convenient hierar-

chical grouping mechanism. The .NET Framework uses the concept of namespaces to

accomplish this. A namespace is simply a collection of types and has no effect on the

accessibility of a type. Namespaces can be split across multiple assemblies. The .NET

Framework uses the hierarchical nature of namespaces to provide a progressive

framework, creating a powerful and easy-to-use development platform.

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The .NET Framework

Almost 400 namespaces exist in the .NET Framework class library, although you will

probably never interact with some of them. As you become more familiar with the

class library, you will find certain namespaces that you use more frequently than oth-

ers, which might be a different set than ones your co-workers or peers use.

The most commonly used namespaces are shown in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1 Commonly Used Namespaces

Namespace Description

System The base, or root, namespace for .NET; contains

classes that define the commonly used data types,

exceptions, and events

System.Collections.Generic Contains classes that define various generic

collections, enabling you to create strongly typed

collections

System.Data Contains classes that form the majority of the

ADO.NET library, enabling you to manage data from

multiple data sources

System.Diagnostics Contains classes that enable you to interact with event

logs and performance counters, debug your

application, and trace the execution of your code

System.Globalization Contains classes that represent culture-related

information, including the language, country/region,

calendars in use, sort order for strings, and format

patterns for dates, currency, and numbers

System.IO Contains classes that enable synchronous and

asynchronous reading and writing on data streams

and files

By the

Way

Namespaces and Type Names

Namespaces use a dotted syntax to denote a hierarchical grouping, with each

level in the hierarchy separated by a dot (.).

Given a type’s full name, everything up to the rightmost dot is the namespace

whereas the last part (after the rightmost dot) is the type name. For example,

System.Printing.PrintDriver is the full name for the PrintDriver type in the

System.Printing namespace.

Namespaces, however, are only conveniences supported by the .NET programming

languages. In the CLR, a type is always identified by its full name, which contains

both the name of the type and its containing namespace.

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CHAPTER 1: The .NET Framework and C#

Parallel Computing Platform

Writing multithreaded and asynchronous applications has always been possible in

both managed and unmanaged code; however, it has always been difficult to get cor-

rect. The .NET Framework 4.0 simplifies writing these applications with the parallel

computing platform. This is a new programming model for both managed and

unmanaged code and raises the level of abstraction so that you no longer need to

think about the lower-level concepts, such as threads and locks.

GO TO .

Hour 23,

“Understanding

Threads,

Concurrency, and

Parallelism,” for

more information

on multithreaded

and parallel

programming.

TABLE 1.1 Commonly Used Namespaces

Namespace Description

System.Linq Contains classes and interfaces that support queries

using Language-Integrated Query (LINQ)

System.Net Contains classes that provide a simple programming

interface for many of the protocols used on networks

today

System.Security Contains classes that provide the .NET Framework

security system

System.ServiceModel Contains classes necessary to build Windows

Communication Foundation (WCF) services and client

applications

System.Text Contains classes for working with strings and

characters

System.Web Contains classes that enable browser-server

communication

System.Windows Contains several important Windows Presentation

Foundation (WPF) base element classes, various

classes that support the WPF property system and

event logic, and other types more broadly consumed

System.Windows.Controls Contains classes to create controls that enable a user

to interact with an application

System.Windows.Forms Contains classes for creating Windows-based

applications that take full advantage of the rich user

interface features available in the Windows operating

System.Xml Contains classes that provide standards-based

support for processing XML

Continued

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The C# Language

For managed code, the parallel computing platform includes parallel implementa-

tions of the common loop instructions, a parallel implementation of LINQ to Objects,

and new lock-free and thread-safe collections. Visual Studio 2010 introduces new

diagnostic tools, such as the parallel concurrency analyzer and processor migration

analysis that enable you to easily debug and tune your code.

The parallel computing platform simplifies the mechanics of writing code that can

effectively take advantage of multiple processors. The decision of what code is right

for parallelism still requires analysis and, ultimately, changing the way you think

about how to solve a particular problem. We touch on some of these aspects of the

parallel computing platform in Hour 23, “Understanding Threads, Concurrency, and

Parallelism.”

Dynamic Language Runtime

The dynamic language runtime (DLR) was introduced in the .NET Framework 4.0

and is an additional runtime environment providing language services and support

for dynamic languages.

Being built on top of the common language runtime means these dynamic lan-

guages can now integrate with other .NET languages. The DLR also enables dynamic

features for existing statically typed languages such as C#, enabling them to support

consistent expressions when working with dynamic objects from any source.

With the inclusion of the DLR, the support for dynamic languages, and enabling

dynamic features in static languages, developers are now free to choose the best lan-

guage possible to solve the task and be certain that other developers and other .NET

languages can easily use the dynamic code they create.

The C# Language

If you are a C, C++, or Java programmer, C# will be immediately familiar because it

shares a similar syntax. If you are already familiar with Visual Basic (any version of

Visual Basic that runs on the .NET Framework, not Visual Basic 6.0 or earlier), the

syntax might seem foreign, but the Framework class library will be familiar. For those

of you who have never worked in any of these languages, you will soon find that

developing with C# is easier than many other languages due to the elegant syntax

and rich class library.

GO TO .

Hour 21,

“Dynamic Types

and Language

Interoperability,”

covers

integrating with

dynamic

languages in

detail.

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CHAPTER 1: The .NET Framework and C#

Language Inspiration

As a language, C# has drawn inspiration for its syntax and primary features from

a number of different languages, including Delphi 5, C++, and Java 2.

The generic type system (which you learn more about in Hour 11, “Understanding

Generics”) drew from the generic type systems in Eiffel and Ada. Haskell and Lisp

were the primary inspirations for query comprehensions in LINQ and lambda

expression evaluation (see Hour 12, “Understanding Query Expressions”).

C# also added features found in dynamic languages such as Ruby and functional

languages like F#.

Like many modern programming languages, C# is an object-oriented language and

fully supports the object-oriented programming concepts of inheritance, polymor-

phism, encapsulation, and abstraction. In addition to being an object-oriented lan-

guage, C# also supports component-oriented programming, which enables you to

specify units of functionality (components) that are self-contained and self-document-

ing by presenting a model with properties, methods, events, and metadata about the

component. C# has support for these concepts directly in the language, making it a

natural process to create and use components. If you aren’t familiar with these princi-

ples, we cover the basics in Hour 2.

C# has language features enabling developers to take advantage of the advances and

improvements made in the CLR. Garbage collection automatically manages memory.

Exception handling creates a structured and extensible way to detect and recover

from errors. As a type-safe language, it impossible to have uninitialized variables,

illegally access memory, or store data of one type in a location that can accept only a

different type.

In addition, C# also has language features and syntax designed to reduce the

amount of boilerplate code you must write, making your code less complex and

reducing the chance for making common errors. In some cases, these are nothing

more than simple changes in syntax, simplifying complex or error-prone language

features, and are readily accessible and easily understood; in other cases, these

improvements enable scenarios that are more advanced.

C# continues to evolve with each new release, adding new language features and

syntax, always striving to achieve the goal of making the simple things easy, the dif-

ficult things possible, and the bad things difficult. As C# adds new capabilities, the

simple things become easier, the difficult things become easy, and the things not pre-

viously possible become possible.

Did you

Know?

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