GCC编译器官方手册：使用GNU Compiler Collection

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"GCC Manual - 高清完整版" GCC (GNU Compiler Collection) 是一套由 GNU 项目开发的开源编译器集合，用于将源代码编译为目标代码，支持多种编程语言，如 C、C++、Objective-C、Fortran、Ada 和 Go 等。这份 GCC 手册详细介绍了 GCC 的使用方法和相关特性，适用于 GCC 版本 9.0.0（预发布版）。手册内容可能涵盖以下几个主要方面： 1. **安装与配置**：如何在不同的操作系统上安装 GCC，包括配置编译选项、设置路径、管理库依赖等，确保编译环境的正确搭建。 2. **编译过程**：详细解释了 GCC 如何处理源代码，包括词法分析、语法分析、语义分析、优化和代码生成等步骤，帮助用户理解编译原理。 3. **命令行选项**：列出并解释了 GCC 提供的各种命令行选项，如 `-c`、 `-o`、 `-Wall` 等，这些选项可以控制编译行为，如生成中间文件、指定输出文件、开启警告等。 4. **预处理器**：介绍 GCC 的预处理器功能，如宏定义、条件编译、头文件包含等，以及如何使用 `-E` 选项单独运行预处理器。 5. **链接器**：GCC 包含了链接器，用于将编译后的对象文件和库文件合并成可执行程序。手册会讲解如何处理库依赖、静态链接与动态链接的区别。 6. **调试信息**：GCC 可以生成调试信息，方便使用 GDB 等调试工具。手册会指导如何使用 `-g` 选项添加调试信息。 7. **代码优化**：GCC 提供多级优化选项，如 `-O1`、 `-O2` 和 `-O3`，手册会解释这些选项背后的优化策略，并给出优化代码的建议。 8. **多语言支持**：GCC 不仅支持 C 和 C++，还支持其他编程语言，手册会介绍不同语言的特性和编译注意事项。 9. **错误与警告**：GCC 在编译过程中会报告错误和警告，手册会解释各种错误和警告的含义，以及如何修复它们。 10. **GNU 自由文档许可证**：手册遵循 GNU Free Documentation License，允许自由复制、分发和修改，鼓励共享知识。此外，手册可能还会包含对特定版本的更新、已知问题、性能调优指南以及对开发者和贡献者的相关信息。对于 GCC 用户和开发者来说，这份手册是不可或缺的参考资料，能够帮助他们更有效地利用 GCC 进行软件开发。

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Chapter 2: Language Standards Supported by GCC 5

2 Language Standards Supported by GCC

For each language compiled by GCC for which there is a standard, GCC attempts to follow

one or more versions of that standard, possibly with some exceptions, and possibly with

some extensions.

2.1 C Language

The original ANSI C standard (X3.159-1989) was ratiﬁed in 1989 and published in 1990.

This standard was ratiﬁed as an ISO standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990) later in 1990. There

were no technical diﬀerences between these publications, although the sections of the ANSI

standard were renumbered and became clauses in the ISO standard. The ANSI standard,

but not the ISO standard, also came with a Rationale document. This standard, in both

its forms, is commonly known as C89, or occasionally as C90, from the dates of ratiﬁ-

cation. To select this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c90’ or

‘-std=iso9899:1990’; to obtain all the diagnostics required by the standard, you should

also specify ‘-pedantic’ (or ‘-pedantic-errors’ if you want them to be errors rather than

warnings). See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 35.

Errors in the 1990 ISO C standard were corrected in two Technical Corrigenda published

in 1994 and 1996. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

An amendment to the 1990 standard was published in 1995. This amendment added

digraphs and __STDC_VERSION__ to the language, but otherwise concerned the library. This

amendment is commonly known as AMD1; the amended standard is sometimes known as

C94 or C95. To select this standard in GCC, use the option ‘-std=iso9899:199409’ (with,

as for other standard versions, ‘-pedantic’ to receive all required diagnostics).

A new edition of the ISO C standard was published in 1999 as ISO/IEC 9899:1999, and

is commonly known as C99. (While in development, drafts of this standard version were

referred to as C9X.) GCC has substantially complete support for this standard version; see

http://gcc.gnu.org/c99status.html for details. To select this standard, use ‘-std=c99’

or ‘-std=iso9899:1999’.

Errors in the 1999 ISO C standard were corrected in three Technical Corrigenda published

in 2001, 2004 and 2007. GCC does not support the uncorrected version.

A fourth version of the C standard, known as C11, was published in 2011 as ISO/IEC

9899:2011. (While in development, drafts of this standard version were referred to as

C1X.) GCC has substantially complete support for this standard, enabled with ‘-std=c11’

or ‘-std=iso9899:2011’. A version with corrections integrated is known as C17 and is

supported with ‘-std=c17’ or ‘-std=iso9899:2017’; the corrections are also applied with

‘-std=c11’, and the only diﬀerence between the options is the value of __STDC_VERSION__.

By default, GCC provides some extensions to the C language that, on rare occasions con-

ﬂict with the C standard. See Chapter 6 [Extensions to the C Language Family], page 443.

Some features that are part of the C99 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 mode,

and some features that are part of the C11 standard are accepted as extensions in C90 and

C99 modes. Use of the ‘-std’ options listed above disables these extensions where they

conﬂict with the C standard version selected. You may also select an extended version of

the C language explicitly with ‘-std=gnu90’ (for C90 with GNU extensions), ‘-std=gnu99’

(for C99 with GNU extensions) or ‘-std=gnu11’ (for C11 with GNU extensions).

6 Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)

The default, if no C language dialect options are given, is ‘-std=gnu11’.

The ISO C standard deﬁnes (in clause 4) two classes of conforming implementation. A

conforming hosted implementation supports the whole standard including all the library

facilities; a conforming freestanding implementation is only required to provide certain

library facilities: those in <float.h>, <limits.h>, <stdarg.h>, and <stddef.h>; since

AMD1, also those in <iso646.h>; since C99, also those in <stdbool.h> and <stdint.h>;

and since C11, also those in <stdalign.h> and <stdnoreturn.h>. In addition, complex

types, added in C99, are not required for freestanding implementations.

The standard also deﬁnes two environments for programs, a freestanding environment,

required of all implementations and which may not have library facilities beyond those

required of freestanding implementations, where the handling of program startup and ter-

mination are implementation-deﬁned; and a hosted environment, which is not required,

in which all the library facilities are provided and startup is through a function int main

(void) or int main (int, char *[]). An OS kernel is an example of a program running

in a freestanding environment; a program using the facilities of an operating system is an

example of a program running in a hosted environment.

GCC aims towards being usable as a conforming freestanding implementation, or as the

compiler for a conforming hosted implementation. By default, it acts as the compiler for a

hosted implementation, deﬁning __STDC_HOSTED__ as 1 and presuming that when the names

of ISO C functions are used, they have the semantics deﬁned in the standard. To make it act

as a conforming freestanding implementation for a freestanding environment, use the option

‘-ffreestanding’; it then deﬁnes __STDC_HOSTED__ to 0 and does not make assumptions

about the meanings of function names from the standard library, with exceptions noted

below. To build an OS kernel, you may well still need to make your own arrangements for

linking and startup. See Section 3.4 [Options Controlling C Dialect], page 35.

GCC does not provide the library facilities required only of hosted implementations, nor

yet all the facilities required by C99 of freestanding implementations on all platforms. To

use the facilities of a hosted environment, you need to ﬁnd them elsewhere (for example, in

the GNU C library). See Section 13.5 [Standard Libraries], page 846.

Most of the compiler support routines used by GCC are present in ‘libgcc’, but there

are a few exceptions. GCC requires the freestanding environment provide memcpy, memmove,

memset and memcmp. Finally, if __builtin_trap is used, and the target does not implement

the trap pattern, then GCC emits a call to abort.

For references to Technical Corrigenda, Rationale documents and information concerning

the history of C that is available online, see http://gcc.gnu.org/readings.html

2.2 C++ Language

GCC supports the original ISO C++ standard published in 1998, and the 2011 and 2014

revisions.

The original ISO C++ standard was published as the ISO standard (ISO/IEC 14882:1998)

and amended by a Technical Corrigenda published in 2003 (ISO/IEC 14882:2003). These

standards are referred to as C++98 and C++03, respectively. GCC implements the majority

of C++98 (export is a notable exception) and most of the changes in C++03. To select

this standard in GCC, use one of the options ‘-ansi’, ‘-std=c++98’, or ‘-std=c++03’; to

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