Oracle 11.2 RAC 安装教程：Linux & Unix 深入指南

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"Oracle11.2_RAC安装指南_Linux&Unix提供了Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)在Linux和UNIX操作系统上的详细安装步骤和最佳实践。这是一本由Oracle公司出版的技术文档，适用于想要学习和掌握Oracle RAC安装技术的专业人士。文档的作者团队包括多个领域的专家，确保了内容的权威性和实用性。" Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC)是Oracle数据库的一项关键特性，它允许在多台服务器上共享同一数据库实例，提供高可用性和负载均衡。在Oracle 11.2版本中，RAC进一步增强了系统的弹性和性能，特别是在处理大规模并发事务和大数据量的应用场景下。在安装Oracle 11.2 RAC的过程中，你需要考虑以下几个核心知识点： 1. **系统要求**：首先，你需要确保你的Linux或UNIX环境满足Oracle RAC的硬件和软件需求，包括处理器、内存、磁盘空间以及网络配置。 2. **集群软件安装**：RAC依赖于Grid Infrastructure（GI）进行管理，因此需要先安装Grid Infrastructure，包括Clusterware和ASM（Automatic Storage Management）。安装过程中会涉及到OCR（Oracle Cluster Registry）和Voting Disks的配置。 3. **数据库实例配置**：在多台节点上创建并配置共享的数据库实例，这通常通过DBCA（Database Configuration Assistant）工具完成。 4. **网络配置**：RAC需要一个高效的网络架构，包括私有网络（Interconnect）用于节点间通信，公共网络用于客户端连接。网络配置包括IP地址、监听器、命名服务如DNS或NIS等。 5. **存储设置**：ASM用于自动管理和分配存储，需要预先规划存储策略，包括磁盘组和RAID配置。 6. **故障检测与恢复**：理解OCR和Voting Disks的工作机制，以及如何配置OCR镜像和 Voting Disks以确保高可用性。 7. **性能调优**：RAC安装完成后，可能需要对Interconnect性能、SQL语句和资源管理策略进行调优，以实现最佳性能。 8. **测试与验证**：安装后进行一系列的测试，如failover和load balancing测试，以确保系统能够按预期工作。 9. **维护与更新**：学习如何在RAC环境中进行补丁应用和数据库升级，以及如何进行日常监控和维护。 10. **安全设置**：RAC环境的安全性至关重要，包括数据库权限、网络加密和审计策略的设定。《Oracle11.2_RAC安装指南_Linux&Unix》将引导你完成从规划到实施的全过程，帮助你构建和管理稳定的Oracle RAC集群环境。这份文档详尽地介绍了每个步骤，对于IT专业人士来说，是一份不可或缺的学习资料。

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Oracle Real Application Clusters One Node (Oracle RAC One Node)

Oracle RAC One Node is a single instance of Oracle RAC running on one node in a

cluster. You can use Oracle RAC One Node to consolidate many databases onto a

single cluster with minimal overhead, and still provide the high availability benefits of

failover protection, online rolling patch application, as well as rolling upgrades for the

operating system and for Oracle Clusterware. With Oracle RAC One Node you can

standardize all Oracle Database deployments across your enterprise.

You can use Oracle Database and Oracle Grid Infrastructure configuration assistants,

such as Oracle Database Configuration Assistant (DBCA) and RCONFIG, to configure

Oracle RAC One Node databases.

Oracle RAC One Node is a single Oracle RAC database instance. You can use a

planned online relocation to start a second Oracle RAC One Node instance

temporarily on a new target node, so that you can migrate the current Oracle RAC

One Node instance to this new target node. After the migration, the source node

instance is shut down. Oracle RAC One Node databases can also fail over to another

cluster node within its hosting server pool if their current node fails.

Oracle RAC One Node is not supported if you use a third-party clusterware software,

such as Veritas, SFRAC, IBMPowerHA, or HP Serviceguard. Sun Solaris Cluster is not

supported at this time. Oracle RAC One Node is not supported with Oracle Data

Guard.

With Oracle Database release 2 (11.2.0.2), Oracle RAC One Node is supported on all

platforms where Oracle Real Application Clusters (Oracle RAC) is certified. Check the

Oracle Certification Web site to determine the certification status for Oracle Virtual

Machine (OVM).

Redundant Interconnect Usage

In previous releases, to make use of redundant networks for the interconnect, bonding,

trunking, teaming, or similar technology was required. Oracle Grid Infrastructure and

Oracle RAC can now make use of redundant network interconnects, without the use of

other network technology, to enhance optimal communication in the cluster. This

functionality is available starting with Oracle Database 11g Release 2 (11.2.0.2).

Redundant Interconnect Usage enables load-balancing and high availability across

multiple (up to four) private networks (also known as interconnects).

New Features for Release 2 (11.2)

The following is a list of new features for Release 2 (11.2)

Oracle Automatic Storage Management and Oracle Clusterware Installation

With Oracle Clusterware 11g release 2 (11.2), Oracle Automatic Storage Management

(Oracle ASM) is part of the Oracle Grid Infrastructure installation. In an Oracle

Clusterware and Oracle RAC installation, Oracle ASM is installed in the Oracle

Clusterware home. In addition, Oracle ASM can be configured to require separate

administrative privileges, so that membership in OSDBA may no longer provide

administrator access to both the database and the storage tiers.

Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (ACFS)

Oracle Automatic Storage Management Cluster File System (Oracle ACFS) is a new

multi-platform, scalable file system and storage management design that extends

Oracle Automatic Storage Management (Oracle ASM) technology to support all

application data. Oracle ACFS provides dynamic file system resizing, and improved

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performance using the distribution, balancing and striping technology across all

available storage, and provides storage reliability through Oracle ASM's mirroring and

parity protection.

Oracle ACFS is available for Linux. It is not available for UNIX platforms at the time of

this release.

Cluster Verification Utility Fixup Scripts and Grid Infrastructure Checks

Cluster Verification Utility (CVU) has the following new features:

■ CVU can generate shell scripts (Fixup scripts) that perform the system

configuration that is required for a successful installation, in addition to

identifying system issues that can cause installation failures.

■ CVU provides additional checks to address install, configuration and operational

issues.

■ CVU is automatically called by OUI to verify prerequisites, and will prompt you to

create fixup scripts to correct many system configuration issues that prevent

installation.

Database Agent and Listeners

DBCA no longer sets the value for LOCAL_LISTENER. When Oracle Clusterware

starts the database resource, it updates the instance parameters. The LOCAL_

LISTENER is set to the virtual IP endpoint of the local node listener address. You

should not modify the setting for LOCAL_LISTENER. New installation instances only

are virtual IP addresses assigned to the cluster, rather than to individual nodes, so

cluster members can be added or removed without requiring updates of clients served

by the cluster. Upgraded databases will continue to register with all node listeners,

and additionally with the SCAN listeners.

Daylight Savings Time Upgrade of Timestamp with Timezone Data Type

When time zone version files are updated due to Daylight Saving Time changes,

TIMESTAMP WITH TIMEZONE (TSTZ) data could become stale. In previous releases,

database administrators ran the SQL script utltzuv2.sql to detect TSTZ data

affected by the time zone version changes and then had to carry out extensive manual

procedures to update the TSTZ data.

TSTZ data is updated transparently with very minimal manual procedures using

newly provided DBMS_DST PL/SQL packages. In addition, there is no longer a need

for clients to patch their time zone data files.

Enterprise Manager Database Control Provisioning

Database Control 11g provides the capability to automatically provision Oracle

Clusterware and Oracle RAC installations on new nodes, and then extend the existing

Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC database to these provisioned nodes. This

See Also: Oracle Database Upgrade Guide for information about

preparing to upgrade Timestamp with Time Zone data, Oracle

Database Globalization Support Guide for information about how to

upgrade the Time Zone file and Timestamp with Time Zone data, and

Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide for information about

performance effects of clients and servers operating with different

versions of Time Zone files

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provisioning procedure requires a successful Oracle RAC installation before you can

use this feature.

Enterprise Manager Clusterware Resource Management

You can use Enterprise Manager Cluster Home page to perform full administrative

and monitoring support for High Availability Application and Oracle Clusterware

resource management. Such administrative tasks include creating and modifying

server pools.

Grid Plug and Play

In the past, adding or removing servers in a cluster required extensive manual

preparation. Grid Plug and Play reduces the costs of installing, configuring, and

managing server nodes by using a grid naming service within the cluster to enable

each node to perform the following tasks dynamically:

■ Negotiating appropriate network identities for itself

■ Acquiring additional information it needs to operate from a configuration profile

■ Configuring or reconfiguring itself using profile data, making hostnames and

addresses resolvable on the network

As servers perform these tasks dynamically, adding and removing nodes simply

requires an administrator to connect the server to the cluster, and to enable the cluster

to configure the node. Using Grid Plug and Play, and using best practices

recommendations, adding a node to the database cluster is part of the normal server

restart, and removing a node from the cluster occurs automatically when a server is

turned off.

Improved Deployment, Deconfiguration and Deinstallation

Oracle configuration assistants provide additional guidance to ensure recommended

deployment, and to prevent configuration issues. In addition, configuration assistants

validate configurations, and provide scripts to fix issues, which you can choose to use,

or reject. If you accept the fix scripts, then configuration issues will be fixed

automatically.

Oracle configuration assistants provide the capability of deconfiguring and

deinstalling Oracle Real Application Clusters, without requiring additional manual

steps.

SCAN Addresses for Simplified Client Access

The Single Client Access Name (SCAN) is the address to provide for all clients

connecting to the cluster. The SCAN is a domain name registered to three IP addresses,

either in the domain name service (DNS) or the Grid Naming Service (GNS). SCANs

eliminate the need to change clients when nodes are added to or removed from the

cluster. Clients using SCANs can also access the cluster using Easy Connect.

Zero Downtime Patching for Oracle RAC

Opatch now can apply patches in multi-node, multi-patch fashion, and will not start

up instances that have a non-rolling patch applied to it, if other instances of the

database do not have that patch. Opatch also detects if the database schema is an

earlier patch level than the new patch, and it runs SQL commands to bring the schema

up to the new patch level.

See Also: Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and

Deployment Guide for information about this feature

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Deprecated Options with Oracle RAC 11g Release 2 (11.2)

Note the following changes with this release:

■ Installing files on raw devices is no longer an option available during installation.

You must use a shared file system, or use Oracle Automatic Storage Management.

If you are upgrading from a previous release and currently use raw devices, then

your existing raw devices can continue to be used. After upgrade is complete, you

can migrate to Oracle ASM or to a shared file system if you choose.

■ The SYSDBA privilege of acting as administrator on the Oracle ASM instance is

removed with this release, unless the operating system OSDBA group for the

database is the same group that is designated as the OSASM group for Oracle

Automatic Storage Management.

■ If separate Oracle ASM access privileges are enabled, and database administrators

are not members of the OSASM group, then database administrators must be a

member of the OSDBA for Oracle ASM group to be able to access Oracle ASM files

You can designate the OSDBA group for the Oracle RAC database as the OSDBA

group for the Oracle ASM instance.

New Features for Release 1(11.1)

The following is a list of new features for Oracle RAC 11g release 1 (11.1):

Changes in Installation Documentation

With Oracle Database 11g release 1, Oracle Clusterware can be installed or configured

as an independent product, and additional documentation is provided on storage

administration. For installation planning, note the following documentation:

Oracle Database 2 Day + Real Application Clusters Guide

This book provides an overview and examples of the procedures to install and

configure a two-node Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC environment.

Oracle Grid Infrastructure Installation Guide

This platform-specific book provides procedures either to install Oracle Clusterware as

a standalone product, or to install Oracle Clusterware with either Oracle Database, or

Oracle RAC. It contains system configuration instructions that require system

administrator privileges.

Oracle Real Application Clusters Installation Guide

This book (the guide that you are reading) provides procedures to install Oracle RAC

after you have completed successfully an Oracle Clusterware installation. It contains

database configuration instructions for database administrators.

See Also: Oracle Universal Installer and OPatch User's Guide for

Windows and UNIX

Note: Some features in this list have been superseded by changes in

the 11.2 release, particularly those listed for Oracle ASM.

Oracle Database Storage Administrator’s Guide

This book provides information for database and storage administrators who

administer and manage storage, or who configure and administer Oracle Automatic

Storage Management (Oracle ASM).

Oracle Clusterware Administration and Deployment Guide

This is the administrator’s reference for Oracle Clusterware. It contains information

about administrative tasks, including those that involve changes to operating system

configurations, and cloning Oracle Clusterware.

Oracle Real Application Clusters Administration and Deployment Guide

This is the administrator’s reference for Oracle RAC. It contains information about

administrative tasks. These tasks include database cloning, node addition and

deletion, Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR) administration, use of SRVCTL and other

database administration utilities, and tuning changes to operating system

configurations.

Changes in the Install Options

The following are installation option changes for Oracle Database 11g:

■ Oracle Application Express: This feature is installed with Oracle Database 11g. It

was previously named HTML DB, and was available as a separate Companion CD

component.

■ Oracle Configuration Manager: Oracle Configuration Manager (OCM) is

integrated with Oracle Universal Installer. However, it is an optional component

with database and client installations. Oracle Configuration Manager, used in

previous releases as Customer Configuration Repository (CCR), is a tool that

gathers and stores details relating to the configuration of the software stored in the

Oracle ASM and database Oracle home directories.

■ Oracle Data Mining: The Enterprise Edition installation type selects Oracle

Database Mining option by default. In Oracle Database 11g, the Data Mining

metadata is created with SYS metadata when you select the Create Database

option.

■ Oracle Database: This feature is integrated with Oracle Universal Installer.

However, it is an optional component for database installation.

■ Oracle SQL Developer: This feature is installed by default with template-based

database installations, such as General Purpose, Transaction Processing, and Data

Warehousing. It is also installed with database client Administrator, Runtime, and

Advanced installations.

■ Oracle Warehouse Builder: This information integration tool is now installed with

both Standard and Enterprise Edition versions of the Oracle Database. With

Enterprise Edition, you can purchase additional extension processes. Installing the

Oracle Database also installs a pre-seeded repository, OWBSYS, necessary for using

Oracle Warehouse Builder.

■ Oracle Ultra Search: Starting with Oracle Database 11g, Oracle Ultra Search is

integrated with Oracle Database. In the previous releases, this product was

available as a Companion CD component.

■ Oracle XML DB: Starting with Oracle Database 11g, Oracle XML DB is no longer

an optional feature. It is installed and configured using Database Configuration

Assistant for all database installations.

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