IEC TS 61400-13：风力发电机系统机械负载测量技术规范

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"TS 61400-13 - 风力发电机系统 - 第13部分：机械载荷的测量" 《TS 61400-13》是国际电工委员会（IEC）发布的一份技术规范，首次出版于2001年6月，专门针对风力发电机系统中的一个重要环节——机械载荷的测量。这份标准旨在确保风力发电设备的安全性和可靠性，通过规范化的测量方法来评估和控制风力发电机在运行过程中的各种机械负荷。机械载荷是指风力发电机在风力作用下所承受的各种力，包括扭转载荷、弯矩、振动以及应力等。这些载荷对风力发电机的结构完整性、寿命和效率有着直接影响。TS 61400-13提供了详细的方法和技术要求，用于测量和分析这些载荷，以便设计出更耐用、更高效的风力发电机组。该技术规范可能涵盖以下关键知识点： 1. **测量设备与方法**：规范中会详细描述用于测量机械载荷的各种传感器和仪器，如加速度计、应变片、扭矩传感器等，以及相应的数据采集和处理系统。同时，它还可能涉及如何校准这些设备以确保测量的准确性和一致性。 2. **载荷分类**：根据风力发电机的不同部位和工作状态，机械载荷可能被分为多个类别，如叶片载荷、主轴载荷、塔筒载荷等。规范将明确各类载荷的定义和测量重点。 3. **环境条件和工况考虑**：规范会规定在不同风速、风向、温度等环境条件下进行载荷测量的准则，以及如何处理极端工况下的数据。 4. **数据分析与模型验证**：TS 61400-13可能会包含对收集到的数据进行分析的方法，以确定载荷分布和变化规律。此外，它还可能涉及如何利用这些数据验证风力发电机的仿真模型，以改进设计。 5. **安全与标准符合性**：该规范将设定载荷测量的安全标准，确保在测量过程中不损害设备或人员安全。同时，它将指导如何确保测量结果符合国际和行业标准，如IEC其他相关标准和国家标准。 6. **维护与监测**：规范可能会涉及长期的载荷监测和维护策略，以监控风力发电机的健康状况，及时发现潜在问题，并预测设备的寿命。通过遵循《TS 61400-13》的标准，风力发电行业的工程团队可以更好地理解和控制风力发电机的机械载荷，从而提高设备的性能，减少故障，优化设计，进一步推动可再生能源领域的发展。此规范对于制造商、运营商、认证机构以及研究机构来说都是至关重要的参考文献。

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TS 61400-13 © IEC:2001(E) – 11 –

3 Load measurement programmes

3.1 General

The measurement programme involves collecting both a comprehensive statistical database

and a set of time series, which define the behaviour of the turbine in certain specific

situations. In this clause, a system of measurement load cases (MLCs) is defined to

determine the wind turbine loads in conditions corresponding to a selection of design load

cases (DLCs) of IEC 61400-1. The MLCs may directly be used for documentation of the load

in relation to the DLCs, or the MLCs may provide a basis for the validation of calculation

models at specific and well-defined external conditions. Subsequently, the models can be

used to estimate the loads at the design conditions. This clause also provides specifications

for the quantities to be measured.

3.2 Measurement load cases (MLCs)

3.2.1 General

This subclause describes how to build up load measurement campaigns from a number of

well-defined MLCs. The MLCs are defined in relation to the DLCs, described in IEC 61400-1.

Hence, not all DLCs can be reasonably verified by measurement.

The MLCs define the main external conditions and the operational conditions of the turbine

during the measurement campaigns. The external conditions include meteorological para-

meters such as wind speed, turbulence intensity and air density. The operational conditions

include operational parameters such as rotational speed, yaw error, electrical power and

blade pitch angle. The operational conditions depend on the wind turbine configuration and

shall be specified for each particular case.

Due to the stochastic character of the external conditions, measurements of each MLC have

to be repeated several times in order to reduce the statistical uncertainty. The minimum

number of measurements at each MLC is specified in this subclause.

Some of the DLCs of IEC 61400-1 and covered by MLCs defined in this specification are

specified at external conditions that are difficult to achieve during a measurement campaign.

In particular, the high wind speeds for those DLCs are difficult to obtain during the

measurement campaign or at a specific site. For example, it is not possible to forcefully apply

the extreme coherent gust to the turbine. In such cases, these load cases shall be assessed

at wind speeds which are as high as possible.

The measured time histories are classified in two ways: one considering steady-state

operation (SO) and one considering transient events (TE). In this way, all measurements can

be classified in measurement load cases which relate to the IEC 61400-1 DLCs.

Tables 1 and 2 show the MLCs that are recommended to be recorded. The MLCs defined in

the tables may not be complete. Additional MLCs may be necessary depending on the wind

turbine concept and control and safety strategy.

3.2.2 MLCs during steady-state operation

Power production

During power production, measurements shall be performed in the wind speed range from

cut-in to cut-out and in a range of turbulence intensity levels described in the following

subclause.

Provided by IHS under license with IEC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

– 12 – TS 61400-13 © IEC:2001(E)

Power production with occurrence of fault

According to IEC 61400-1 any fault in the control or protection systems, or any internal fault in

the electrical systems being significant for the wind turbine loading, shall be considered to

occur during power production. The occurrence of a fault in the control system, which is

considered as a normal event, shall be analysed. A typical fault condition could be the

operation at extreme yaw misalignment due to a faulty wind vane, which might not be relevant

for a free yaw wind turbine. Faults in the protection system or in the internal electrical system,

not causing an immediate shut-down of the wind turbine and consequently leading to higher

fatigue loading, shall be considered. An example could be operation with one tip brake

activated. The possible fault conditions shall be considered for each wind turbine and

application in order to define the measurement campaigns.

Parked, idling

The loads on the parked wind turbine, which may be either in a standstill or idling condition,

shall be measured. It is recommended that measurements be performed at wind speeds as

high as possible.

Table 1 – MLCs during steady-state operation related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1

MLC

number

Measurement load

case MLC

DLC number

(IEC 61400-1)

Wind condition

at DLC

Remarks

1.1 Power production 1.2

hub

out

In this mode of operation, the wind

turbine is running and connected to

the grid

1.2 Power production

plus occurrence of

fault

2.3

hub

out

Any fault in the control or protection

system, which does not cause an

immediate shut-down of the turbine

1.3 Parked, idling 6.2

hub

< 0,75

* When the wind turbine is parked,

the rotor may either be stopped or

idling

* Has to be divided further into wind speed bins and turbulence bins.

3.2.3 MLCs during transient events

Start-up

This design situation includes all events resulting in loads on the wind turbine during the

transients from standstill or idling to power production. The normal start-up of the turbine shall

be performed slightly below cut-out wind speed and at cut-in wind speed. If the turbine

operates at more than one fixed speed, cut-in on the different rotational speeds shall be

evaluated too.

Normal shut-down

This design situation includes all events resulting in loads on a wind turbine during the normal

transient caused by going from a power production situation to a standstill or idling condition

The normal shut-down is recommended to be performed at cut-in wind speed, at rated power

and at cut-out wind speed.

Emergency shut-down

The loads arising from emergency shut-down shall be considered. It is recommended to

perform the emergency shut-down near cut-in wind speed and above rated wind speed.

Provided by IHS under license with IEC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

TS 61400-13 © IEC:2001(E) – 13 –

Grid failure

The loads arising from grid failure shall be considered. It is recommended to perform the

simulation of grid disconnection above rated wind speed and near cut-out wind speed.

Overspeed activation of the protection system

The loads during activation of the protection system due to turbine overspeed shall be

measured. All combinations of braking procedures and activation methods shall be

considered. It is recommended to perform this test above rated wind speed.

Table 2 – Measurement of transient load cases related to the DLCs defined in IEC 61400-1

MLC Measurement load case MLC DLC Target wind speed

2.1 Start-up 3.1

and >

+ 2 m/s

2.2. Normal shut-down 4.1

and >

+ 2 m/s

2.3 Emergency shut-down 5.1

and >

+ 2 m/s

2.4 Grid failure 1.5

and >

+ 2 m/s

2.5 Overspeed activation of the protection system 5.1

+ 2 m/s

Ideally the measurements should be taken at

out

. As this is impractical, the measurements are

taken at wind speeds higher than

+ 2 m/s.

3.2.4 Capture matrix

The capture matrix is used to organize the measured time series. The capture matrix has two

objectives: it can be used as a guideline for programming the data acquisition system for

automatic and unattended operation and it can be used as a tool to decide when the

measurement requirements are fulfilled.

For steady-state operation, the operational condition is defined and the mean wind speed and

turbulence intensity are calculated. If it is decided to store the time series, the relevant matrix

element is updated. Consequently, it is simple to decide when the recommended number of time

series is reached. For a transient event the actual wind speed is written in the capture matrix.

The bin sizes of the matrix and the number of data sets in each matrix element have to be adapted

for each specific measurement campaign. If the relevant status parameters from the control

system are recorded, capturing the measurements during some of the transient events can be

recorded automatically too. The scheme of the complete capture matrix is given in table 3.

If the measurement site terrain characteristics differ significantly in the various wind direction

sectors, the capture matrix can additionally be divided into pre-selected wind directions

sectors. The overall requirements on the database remain the same.

Power production

During the measurement campaign the data should be classified according to the wind speed

and turbulence intensity. Even though there is no requirement on the turbulence intensity at

high wind speeds, the recorded data shall be classified according to the turbulence bins.

It is recommended that the wind speed be divided into bin intervals of 1 m/s and the

turbulence intensity into 2 % bin intervals. The accumulated number of 10-min time series at

each wind speed bin up to

shall be at least 30. This corresponds to 5 h of raw data in total

at each wind speed bin from

. In addition to the totally required amount of data, the

measurements shall be recorded at different turbulence intensities. As a minimum four

turbulence bins at each wind speed bin should include at least three time series.

Provided by IHS under license with IEC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

– 14 – TS 61400-13 © IEC:2001(E)

In the wind speed range from v

to v

out

minus 5 m/s the accumulated number of 10-min time

series at each wind speed bin shall be at least eight. No further conditions are put on

the turbulence intensity in the same range of v

to v

out

minus 5 m/s. In the wind speed bin

from v

out

minus 5 m/s up to v

out

, the duration of the time series to be recorded may be

reduced to 2 min. At least three time series at each wind speed bin from v

out

minus 5 m/s to

out

minus 1 m/s should be recorded. At least one time series shall be recorded at v

out

No conditions are put on the turbulence intensity in the range from v

out

minus 5 m/s to v

out

The 2-min time series may be derived from the 10-min time series, on condition that there is

no overlap in the resulting 2-min series.

Power production and occurrence of fault

The wind speed is divided into three intervals, from v

minus 6 m/s to v

minus 2 m/s, from

minus 2 m/s to v

plus 2 m/s, and for wind speeds larger than v

plus 2 m/s. The duration of

each time series shall be more than 2 min. The relevant fault conditions shall be evaluated for

each particular case.

Parked (standstill or idling)

The wind speed bin size for standstill or idling MLCs is recommended to be 4 m/s. The

duration of the time series is recommended to be 10 min. Measurements at parked conditions

should be made at a variety of yaw misalignment angles, including the most unfavourable

inflow angles.

Table 3 – Capture matrix for normal power production

Normal power production

Wind speed bin size: 1 m/s

Turbulence bin size: 2 %

Time series

length

10 min At least 2 min

Wind (m/s)

⇒

I (%)

⇓

- … 4,5

5,5

……v

………v

……v

out

3-5

5-7

7-9

…

27-29

>29

Minimum

number of

turbulence bins

with at least

three time series

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 – – – – – –

Minimum

recommended

number of time

series for

empirical load

determination

30 30 30 30 30 30 30 8 8 8 3 3 3 1

Minimum

recommended

measurement

hours for model

validation

2to

−

3 h

2to2

+−

νν

3 h

)2(

to2

outr

νν

3 h

out

outr

)2(

1 h

NOTE The recommended number of time series at each wind speed bin is given in the last but one row. The actual number of

measurements can be updated in the white cells.

Provided by IHS under license with IEC

Not for Resale

No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--``````-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

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IEC TS 61400-13：风力发电机系统机械负载测量技术规范

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