Average CsI Neutron Density Distribution from COHERENT Data
M. Cadeddu
Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit`a degli Studi di Cagliari, and INFN, Sezione di Cagliari,
Complesso Universitario di Monserrato—S.P. per Sestu Km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy
C. Giunti
INFN, Sezione di Torino, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy
Y. F. L i
*
and Y. Y. Zhang
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and School of Physical Sciences,
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
(Received 11 October 2017; revised manuscript received 21 December 2017; published 13 February 2018)
Using the coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering data of the COHERENT experiment, we
determine for the first time the average neutron rms radius of
133
Cs and
127
I. We obtain the practically
model-independent value R
n
¼ 5.5
þ0.9
−1.1
fm using the symmetrized Fermi and Helm form factors. We also
point out that the COHERENT data show a 2.3 σ evidence of the nuclear structure suppression of the full
coherence.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.072501
The COHERENT experiment [1] observed for the first
time coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering with a
small scintillator detector made of sodium-doped CsI
exposed to a low-energy neutrino flux generated in the
Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National
Laboratory. Coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering
can occur if qR ≪ 1, where q ¼j
qj is the three-momentum
transfer and R is the nuclear radius [2,3].
The coherent elastic scattering of a neutrino with a
nucleus can be observed by measuring very low values of
the nuclear kinetic recoil energy T.ForT ≪ E, where E is
the neutrino energy, we have q
2
≃ 2MT , where M is the
nuclear mass, and T
max
≃ 2E
2
/M [4]. For a nucleus with
mass M ≈ 100 GeV and radius R ≈ 5 fm, elastic neutrino-
nucleus scattering is coherent for T ≪ ð2MR
2
Þ
−1
≈
10 keV and it is required to have a neutrino beam with
energy of the order of
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
MT /2
p
≈ 20 MeV.
The differential cross section for coherent elastic scatter-
ing of a neutrino with a nucleus N with Z protons and N
neutrons is given by [4–7]
dσ
ν−N
dT
ðE; TÞ≃
G
2
F
M
4π
1 −
MT
2E
2
½NF
N
ðq
2
Þ − ϵZF
Z
ðq
2
Þ
2
;
ð1Þ
where G
F
is the Fermi constant, M is the nuclear mass,
F
N
ðq
2
Þ and F
Z
ðq
2
Þ are, respectively, the nuclear neutron
and proton form factors, and ϵ ¼ 1–4 sin
2
ϑ
W
¼
0.0454 0.0003, using the low-energy PDG value of
the weak mixing angle ϑ
W
[8]. Because of the small value
of ϵ, the neutron contribution is dominant. Hence, mea-
surements of the process give information on the nuclear
neutron form factor, which is more difficult to obtain than
the information on the proton nuclear form factor, that
can be obtained with elastic electron-nucleus scattering
and other electromagnetic processes (see Refs. [9,10]).
Knowledge of these form factors is important, because
form factors are the Fourier transform of the corresponding
charge distribution. Electromagnetic processes probe the
nuclear proton distribution, whereas neutral-current weak
interaction processes are mainly sensitive to the nuclear
neutron distribution. Also hadron scattering experiments
give information on the nuclear neutron distribution, but
their interpretation depends on the model used to describe
nonperturbative strong interactions (see Refs. [11–14]).
Before the COHERENT experiment, the only measurement
of the nuclear neutron distribution with neutral-current
weak interactions was done with parity-violating electron
scattering on
208
Pb in the PREX experiment [15].
The measurement of the nuclear neutron density dis-
tribution is a topic of broad interest in the physics
community. In particular, the corresponding rms radius
R
n
and the difference between R
n
and the rms radius R
p
of
the proton distribution (the so-called “neutron skin”) are
crucial ingredients of the nuclear matter equation of state
(EOS), which plays an essential role in understanding
Published by the American Physical Society under the terms of
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3
.
PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 120, 072501 (2018)
0031-9007=18=120(7)=072501(6) 072501-1 Published by the American Physical Society