探索4G与下一代无线网络的频道建模与传播技术

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《LTE-Advanced与下一代无线网络：信道建模与传播》是一本由GuillaumedelaRoche（ Mindspeed Technologies, France）、Andrés Alayón Glazunov（KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden）和Ben Allen（University of Bedfordshire, UK）编著的专业书籍，于2013年首次出版。该书由John Wiley & Sons Ltd出版，专注于高级长期演进（LTE-Advanced）技术和下一代无线网络的发展，重点探讨了这些技术在无线通信中的关键要素——信道建模与传播特性。在LTE-Advanced这一章节，作者们深入解析了如何通过先进的4G技术来提升无线网络的性能，包括更高的数据传输速率、更大的容量以及更广泛的覆盖范围。他们可能讨论了关键技术如载波聚合、多输入多输出（MIMO）、OFDM（正交频分复用）和更高效的多天线系统，这些都是实现4G网络演进的关键。信道建模与传播部分则是本书的核心内容之一。这部分涉及对无线信号在不同环境中的行为进行数学建模，以预测和优化通信效果。它可能涵盖了路径损耗、阴影衰落、多径效应、频率选择性衰落等基本概念，以及如何通过统计方法如Rayleigh fading、Rician fading来模拟真实世界中的无线信道。此外，还可能介绍了如何利用这些模型来设计和优化无线网络的参数设置，如调制方式、编码方案和功率控制策略，以应对各种复杂环境下的通信挑战。书中还可能讨论了未来无线网络的发展趋势，如5G（第五代移动通信）和后续的6G技术，以及它们如何在信道建模和传播方面超越LTE-Advanced。这包括毫米波和太赫兹频段的使用、大规模MIMO、波束forming、以及新型多址技术等前沿技术的应用。《LTE-Advanced与下一代无线网络：信道建模与传播》不仅提供了对当前4G技术的深入理解，还为读者展示了无线通信领域的前沿研究和发展方向，对于从事无线通信、网络工程或相关研究的专业人士来说，这本书具有很高的参考价值。

List of Contributors

Ben Allen, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Laura Bernad

o, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Austria

Tim Brown, University of Surrey, UK

Jorge Cabrejas, Universitat Polit

ecnica de Val

encia, Spain

Narcis Cardona, Universitat Polit

ecnica de Val

encia, Spain

Luis M. Correia, IST/IT – Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Nicolai Czink, Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien, Austria

Guillaume de la Roche, Mindspeed Technologies, France

David Edward, University of Oxford, UK

Rob Edwards, Loughborough University, UK

Jan Ellenbeck, Technische Universit

at M

unchen, Germany

Andr

es Alay

on Glazunov, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden

Katsuyuki Haneda, Aalto University, Finland

Petros Karadimas, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Muhammad Irfan Khattak, NWFP University of Engineering and Technology, Pakistan

Veli-Matti Kolmonen, Aalto University, Finland

Thomas K

urner, Technische Universit

at Braunschweig, Germany

Zhihua Lai, Ranplan Wireless Network Design Ltd, UK

Tommi Laitinen, Aalto University, Finland

Guangyi Liu, China Mobile, China

Yves Lostanlen, University of Toronto, Canada

Lei Ma, Loughborough University, UK

Christoph Mecklenbr

auker, Vienna University of Technology, Austria

Andreas F. Molisch, University of Southern California, USA

Jose F. Monserrat, Universitat Polit

ecnica de Val

encia, Spain

Michal Mackowiak, IST/IT – Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Carla Oliveira, IST/IT – Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal

Alexander Paier, Austria

Ghazanfar A. Safdar, University of Bedfordshire, UK

Vit Sipal, University of Oxford, UK

Preface

In the nineteenth century, scientists, mathematician, engineers and innovators started

investigating electromagnetism. The theory that underpins wireless communications was

formed by Maxwell. Early demonstrations took place by Hertz, Tesla and others. Marconi

demonstrated the ﬁrst wireless transmission. Since then, the range of applications has

expanded at an immense rate, together with the underpinning technology. The rate of

development has been incredible and today the level of technical and commercial maturity

is very high. This success would not have been possible without understanding radio-

wave propagation. This knowledge enables us to design successful systems and networks,

together with waveforms, antennal and transceiver architectures. The radio channel is the

cornerstone to the operation of any wireless system.

Today, mobile networks support millions of users and applications spanning voice,

email, text messages, video and even 3G images. The networks often encompass a

range of wireless technologies and frequencies all operational in very diverse environ-

ments. Examples are: Bluetooth personal communications that may be outside, indoors

or in a vehicle; wireless LAN in buildings, femtocell, microcell and macrocell sites;

wireless back-haul; and satellite communications. Examples of emerging wireless tech-

nologies include body area networks for medical or sensor applications; ultra wideband

for extremely high data rate communications and cognitive radio to support efﬁcient and

effective use of unused sections of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Mobile device usage continues to grow with no decrease in trafﬁc ﬂow. Most of the

current cellular networks are now in their third generation (3G). Based on Universal

Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) or Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),

they support data rates of a few megabits per second under low-mobility conditions.

During the last few years, the number of cell phones has dramatically increased as wireless

phones have become the preferred mode of communication, while landline access has

decreased. Moreover, most new wireless devices like smart phones, tablets and laptops

include 3G capabilities. That is why new applications are proposed every year and it is

now common to use mobile devices not only for voice but also for data, video, and so on.

The direct consequence of this is that the amount of wireless data that cellular net-

works must support is exploding. For instance, Cisco recently noted in its Visual Net-

working Index (VNI) Global Mobile Data Forecast that a smart phone generates, on

average, 24 times more wireless data than a plain vanilla cell phone. The report also

noted that a tablet generates 122 times more wireless data than a feature phone, and

a wireless laptop creates 515 times the wireless data trafﬁc of traditional cell phones.

Hence in 2009, the International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication Sector

(ITU-R) organization speciﬁed the International Mobile Telecommunication Advanced

xx Preface

(IMT-A) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak speed requirements for 4G service

at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s

for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users). The main

candidate to 4G is the so called Long Term Evolution Advanced which is expected to

be released in 2012. Unlike the ﬁrst Long Term Evolution (LTE) deployments (Rel 8 or

Rel 9) which do not fully meet the 4G requirements, LTE-Advanced is supposed to sur-

pass these requirements. That is why LTE-Advanced and beyond networks introduce new

technologies and techniques (Multiple antennas, larger bandwidth, OFDMA, and so on)

whose aim is to help reach very high capacity even in mobility conditions. 4G and beyond

network are not deployed yet, however most of industry and researchers focus on devel-

oping new products, algorithms, solutions and applications. Like all wireless networks the

performance of 4G and beyond networks depend for a major part on the channel, that is,

how the signal propagates between emitters and users. That is why channel modelling and

propagation, which is sometimes seen as an old topic, is very important and must have full

consideration. Indeed, in order to study the performance of future wireless networks, it is

very important to be able to characterize the wireless channel into different scenarios and

and to be able to take into account the new situations introduced by future networks such

as multiple antennas that can be embedded in high speed cars or worn directly on the body.

Propagation and Channel Models

This book presents an overview of models of how the channel will behave in different

scenarios, and how to use these channel models to study the performance of 4G and

beyond networks. 4G is imminent, so we believe it is good timing to have a book on

channel propagation for these aspects. Moreover, future wireless networks will never

stop using larger bandwidth, higher frequencies, more antennas, so this book is not only

focused on 4G but on beyond 4G networks as well, where new concepts like cognitive

radio or heterogeneous will be ever more important.

This book is divided into three parts as follows:

• This ﬁrst part includes all the basics necessary to understand the remainder of the book.

Therefore the next chapter presents LTE Advanced standard and the new technologies

it introduced in order to achieve high data rate and low latency. In particular we

will see in this chapter that LTE-Advanced will have to support more antennas, larger

bandwidth, more cells and different scenarios compared to traditional cellular networks.

Then Chapter 2 will explain the principle of channel modelling and radio propagation

as well as the main important concepts and theory.

• The second part of this book details the properties of the radio channel in main scenarios

suitable for 4G and beyond wireless networks. First, Chapter 3 discusses the indoor

radio channel, which is ever more important when simulating indoor small NodeBs or

relays. The following chapter (Chapter 4) focuses on outdoor wireless environments

and gives a detailed study of how the spatial and temporal variations occur due to

outdoor propagation mechanisms. In LTE-Advanced and beyond cellular networks it

is expected that there will be important interactions between indoor and outdoorcells

which will lead to interference if the resources are not properly allocated. That is why

outdoor to indoor models are also important and will be discussed in Chapter 5. 4G

Preface xxi

networks suppose that high mobility users can still expect very high performance,that

is why mobility is important to model in LTE-Advanced. Hence, Chapter 6 focuses

on vehicular channel models. Moreover, it is also proposed in Long Term Evolution

Advanced (LTE-A) and beyond to use more antennas at both emitter and receiver

side, and to use larger bandwidth which is referred to as Carrier Aggregation. Hence,

Chapter 7 will detail the MIMO channels followed by a description of Wideband

channels in Chapter 8. In the future it is also expected that antennas will be deployed

directly on or even inside the human body. Hence, Chapter 9 deals with the challenges

related to channels for Body Area Networks (BANs).

• After this detailed presentation of the different radio channels for future networks, the

last part of this book focuses more on the application of these models from the point of

view of performance analysis, simulation, antenna and measurements. One important

factor when studying the performance of wireless networks is to use the knowledge on

the channel in order to develop accurate models. Hence, Chapter 10 presents the theory

and application of ray tracing models which can accurately compute all reﬂections

and diffractions in any given scenarios. Then, Chapter 11 will present an alternative

to ray tracing, which is based on FDTD methods, leading to high accuracy. It will

also present the challenges that need to be overcome before it can be used for larger

and more realistic scenarios. The mainrole for accurate propagation models like ray

tracing of Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) is to be applied to wireless network

planning. Hence, Chapter 12 deals with all the wireless network planning, as well as

the models, applications and techniques for developing a wireless network planning

tool. Simulating the performance of wireless networks requires not only having a good

knowledge of the path loss, fading, and so on, but also being able to evaluate the

performance of the users in terms of throughput.

That is why Chapter 13 focuses on the use of channel models for performing system

level simulations. In more detail it focuses on the IMT-Advanced model which is the

model proposed by 3GPP for LTE-Advanced. If software solutions can be a good way

to simulate the channel, another alternative is to use channel emulators. Those will be

investigated in Chapter 14. For all the channels presented in this book, it is important

to consider how to perform measurement and calibratethe models accurately. If most

of the chapters present results based on measurements, Chapter 15 focuses on over the

air MIMO measurement, which is the most challenging type of measurement and is

currently highly regarded by many researchers because multi-user MIMO is a key tech-

nology in 4G and beyond networks. Then, Chapter 16 presents different topics related

to cognitive radio, which will also play a strong role in future communication systems.

If there is one important consideration when studying the performance, it is to take into

account the antenna aspects which have a strong interaction with the radio channel. That

is why the two last chapters will present the antenna aspects related to future networks.

First Chapter 17 will present all the challenges when designing small antennas for a

LTE-A system. Finally, Chapter 18 will focus on antennas for BANs and more espe-

cially how to perform statistical characterization of antennas in such an environment.

For more information, please visit the companion website – www.wiley.com/go/

delaroche_next.

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